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Transcript
Leeuwenhoek • made a simple microscope (mid 1600’s) • magnified 270X • Early microscope lenses made images larger but the image was not clear Leeuwenhoek's Microscope A) a screw for adjusting the height of the object being examined B) a metal plate serving as the body C) a skewer to impale the object and rotate it D) the lens itself, which was spherical CELL THEORY • A theory resulting from many scientists’ observations & conclusions CELL THEORY 1. The basic unit of life is the cell. (Hooke) • In 1665, an English scientist named Robert Hooke made an improved microscope and viewed thin slices of cork viewing plant cell walls • Hooke named what he saw "cells" CELL THEORY 2. All living things are made of 1 or more cells. • Matthias Schleiden (botanist studying plants) • Theodore Schwann (zoologist studying animals) stated that all living things were made of cells Schwann Schleiden CELL THEORY 3. All cells divide & come from old cells. (Virchow) Virchow MODERN MICROSCOPES • A microscope is simple or compound depending on how many lenses it contains • A lens makes an enlarged image & directs light towards you eye • A simple microscope has one lens • Similar to a magnifying glass • Magnification is the change in apparent size produced by a microscope COMPOUND MICROSCOPE • A compound microscope has multiple lenses – (eyepiece & objective lenses) STEREOMICROSCOPE • creates a 3D image TOTAL MAGNIFICATION • Powers of the eyepiece (10X) multiplied by objective lenses determine total magnification. ELECTRON MICROSCOPES • More powerful; some can magnify up to 1,000,000X • Use a magnetic field in a vacuum to bend beams of electrons • Images must be photographed or produced electronically Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Electron microscope image of a spider produces realistic 3D image only the surface of specimen can be observed Electron microscope image of a fly foot Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) • produces 2D image of thinly sliced specimen • detailed cell parts (only inside a cell) can be observed Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) • able to show arrangement of atoms Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Examples of Cells Amoeba proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Two Types of Cells •Prokaryotic •Eukaryotic Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html Animal “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif Cell Parts Organelles Surrounding the Cell Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Inside the Cell Nucleus • Directs cell activities • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane • Contains genetic material - DNA Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ER & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Mitochondria • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html