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Transcript
You need your microbiology textbook! The Cellular Structure of Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 5 You need your microbiology textbook! Objectives • Identify the structure of a typical cell • Define the function of each part of the eukaryotic animal cell • Describe the processes that transport materials in and out of a cell Cells • Basic structural unit of living things • Eukaryotes – Cells that have true nucleus held by a nuclear membrane. Has chromosomes and divides by mitosis. • Prokaryotes – Unicellular organism lacking a true nucleus and nuclear membrane. Its genetic material consists of a single loop of DNA and no chromosomes Cells • Cytologists specialize in the pathology of the cell, whose changes in internal structures give important clues as to the cause or source of disease Cells • Organelles – specialized structures found with the cytoplasm of cells, each with a specific function Page 83 Cell Structure • Nucleus – Control center for all cell activity. Contains the chromosomes and DNA. • Cell Membrane – A thin layer of plasma-like material that surrounds the cytoplasm and the organelles. It is located between the cell wall and the protoplasm of the cell and allows molecules to pass in and out of the cell Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm Cell Structure – Gel-like protoplasm of a cell that surrounds the nucleus. It is bound by the cell membrane and holds the organelles in place • Nucleolus (and Ribosomes) – A rounded body in the nucleus of most cells that is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis Cell Structure • Endoplasmic Reticulum – Network of folded membranes in the cytoplasm of a cell that transport materials throughout the cell • Mitochondria – Rod-shaped organelle of cells that is responsible for cellular respiration and energy production Open book to page 87 Cell Structure • The Golgi Apparatus – Packages and wraps proteins for export out of the cell • Lysosomes – Aids in the digestion of proteins by secreting digestive enzymes Cell Structure • Pinocytic Vesicles – Pockets or folds in the cell membrane that allow large molecules such as proteins and lipids to be taken into the cell Movement across the cell membranes • • • • • • A passive process – Diffusion requires no energy to Osmosis function Filtration Active transport An active process Phagocytosis that requires an energy source Pinocytosis Diffusion • Process of spreading out or movement of molecules through a substance. The larger the molecules the slower the movement. Osmosis • Passage of a solvent’s molecules through a selective permeable membrane from a solution of lesser solute concentration to a solution of greater solute concentration Filtration • Process of a fluid passing through a filter Active transport • When cells must move materials in an opposite direction - against a concentration gradient. It requires Energy • Phagocytosis – "cell eating" - extensions off cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole and then the cell engulfs it. Active transport • Pinocytosis – the process of taking up liquid from the surrounding environment. Tiny pockets form along the membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off