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Transcript
Ch. 6 – The Cell Discovery of Cells Hans and Zacharias Janssen (1590) • Made the First compound light microscope Robert Hooke (1663) • Looked at a piece of cork and called what he saw “cells” Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) • First to observe living cells • Looked at pond water and saw “wee beasties” Robert Brown (1833) • Observed that cells had a dark structure within plant cells • Brown observed the nucleus Theodor Schwann (1838) • All animals are made of cells Matthias Schlieden (1838) • All plants are made of cells Together they said all living things are made of cells Rudolf Virchow (1855) • Stated that Cells can only come from pre-existing cells Cell Theory 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Exceptions to the Cell Theory • Viruses – are not cellular • Mitochondria and chloroplast – each contain genetic material and can reproduce Cell Structure Flagellum Locomotion Nucleolus Makes ribosomes Nucleus Control Center Plasma Membrane Covering Smooth ER Makes membranes Nuclear Envelope with Nuclear Pores Mitochondria Cell Respiration ENERGY Rough ER Makes Cell Parts associated with Ribosomes Centrosome Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Makes Proteins Golgi Apparatus Peroxisomes Produces hydrogen peroxide; helps digest long fatty acids Lysosome Modifies and sorts cell part made in the ER Digests waste; apoptosis (cell death) Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Smooth ER Golgi Apparatus Rough ER Vacuole Storage; Turgor Pressure Cell Wall Structure; made of Cellulose Cytoskeleton Peroxisome Chloroplasts Plasma Membrane Photosynthesis Mitochondria Plasmodesmata Channels in Cell Wall How organelles are fractionated (isolated) The Endomembrane System Includes: •nuclear envelope •Endoplasmic reticulum •Golgi apparatus •Lysosomes •Vacuoles •Plasma membrane* Endomembrane System (con’t) Endoplasmic reticulum • manufactures membranes • two distinct regions + smooth ER - synthesis of lipids - carbohydrate metabolism - detoxify drugs/poisons - stores calcium ions + rough ER - manufacture proteins for secretion - membrane production Endomembrane System (con’t) Golgi apparatus • finishes, sorts, and ships cell products • two poles + cis face + trans face Enzymes in the Golgi modify products of the ER in stages as they move through the Golgi stack from cis to trans face. Apoptosis – programmed cell death Endomembrane System Summary Mitochondria and Chloroplasts •energy transformers of cells + double membranes + contain ribosomes/DNA Mitochondrial DNA is only passed on by mom The Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton •provides structural support for motility and regulation + network of fibers - microtubules - microfilaments - intermediate filaments Cytoskeleton (con’t) F L A G E L L A C I L I A Flagellum Structure