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Transcript
Organelles we will study • • • • • • • Cytoplasm Cell membrane and Cell Wall Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Endoplasmic Reticulum – smooth – rough • Ribosomes • Golgi Body • • • • • • • Mitochondria Vacuoles Lysosomes Centrioles Chloroplast Cell Wall Cytoskeleton Cell Membranes and Cell Walls • Cell Membrane: • thin, flexible barrier around a cell • regulates what enters and leaves the cell • plant and animal cells • Cell Wall: • Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plant cells, algae, and some bacteria Cell Wall -- in plants only CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm: material inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus *Function: holds dissolved molecules, nutrients and ions that the cell will need to carry out life processes Both Plant and Animal Cells Nucleus *Contains nucleolus and chromatin surrounded by envelope (membrane) *Directs the cell activites *Both Plant and Animal cells Around the Nucleus……. the Nucleus Nuclear envelope: *Double membrane with pores surrounding the nucleus *Function is to control what goes in and out of the nucleus; to protect the chromatin Inside the Nucleus Nucleolus: *found in the nucleus *contains chromatin and ribosomal subunits *makes ribosomes Chromatin: *uncoiled DNA wrapped around proteins *located in nucleus *DNA stores the directions for making an organism The nucleus and the envelope The nucleus andnuclear the envelope Ribosomes Ribosomes make proteins. (remember-from amino acids) Ribosomes can be found alone in the cytoplasm (free), in groups, or attached (bound) to the endoplasmic reticulum. Plant Ribosomes Ribosomes are nonmembranous organelles composed of RNA and protein The endoplasmic reticulum The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a system of membranous channels Both Plant and Animal Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is the site of protein synthesis and processing. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is the site of synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into vesicles, among other functions. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) The Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus (complex, body) consists of a stack of curved saccules. Both plant and animal The Golgi apparatus receives protein and also lipid-filled vesicles from the ER, packages, processes, and distributes them within the cell and the edge / outside of the cell. The Golgi apparatus Lysosomes are vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes contain enzymes and are involved in digestion and breakdown of unneeded or broken materials. Lysosomes in a white blood cell (b) A Lysosome in action Mitochondrial Fragment Lysosome The formation and functions of lysosomes The plant cell vacuole Vacuoles are membranous sacs in the cell that store water and other needed substances. • They are large in plant cells and small (sometimes called vesicles) in animal cells. Mitochondria are found in plant and animal cells. Their function is to help break down carbohydrates (sugars) to make energy. This is known as “respiration.” Both Plant and Animal The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis Chloroplast The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to keep its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement. Both plant and animal cells. Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton Section 7-2 Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Mitochondrion Cilia and flagella Cilia move fluids Flagella is like a tail on a cell; they move sperm cells Centrioles Centrioles are short cylinders found just outside the nucleus in animal cells. Centrioles are involved in microtubule formation and disassembly during cell division. Venn Diagrams Section 7-2 Prokaryotes Cell membrane Contain DNA Ribosomes Animal Cells Centrioles Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Cell Wall Eukaryotes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome (attached) Nuclear envelope Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Cell wall Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell The End…