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Characteristics of Living Things
1.
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4.
5.
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7.
8.
Reproduction
Has Cells
Grow and Develop
Acquire Energy and Materials
Have DNA
Respond to their Environment
Maintain stable internal Environment
As a group, Change over Time
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Cell Theory
• All know living things
are made up of cells
• Cells are the basic unit
of structure and
function in living things
• All cells come from preexisting cells
• Clip
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Robert Hooke-1665
• One of the first people
to see cells.
• He saw cork Cells.
• First to use the word
cells- named them for
the places that monks
sleep in the monastery.
• English scientist
Robert Hooke
built this
microscope in
the 17th
century and
used it to
conduct
pioneering
research. He
discovered the
cell structure
of plants by
observing a thin
slice of cork
under his
microscope.
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Theodor Schwann
1839
Concluded that all
animals are made up of
cells
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Schleiden, Matthias
1839
Concluded that all
Plant cells are made up
of cells
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Cell Elemental Composition
Cells are 90% water. Of the remaining molecules present,
the dry weight is approximately:
• 50% protein
• 15% carbohydrate
• 15% nucleic acid
• 10% lipid
• 10% miscellaneous
Total approximate composition by element:
• 60% H
• 25% O
• 12% C
• 5% N
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Two basic Types of Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
DO NOT HAVE
DO HAVE
• Cell membrane • Organelles
• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• DNA
•Are all singled celled organisms.
•Thought of as more ancient life
forms…they came first.
•They still carry out all of life’s
functions!
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Eukaryotic Cells
• Have organelles.
• Can be singledcelled organisms
or multicellular
organisms…..
Like US!
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Basic Cell Structure
• Cells come in many
different shapes and
sizes.
• Like bricks in a building,
cells make up all living
things
• Clip
Basic Cell Structure
The Cell Membrane
• The outside of all cells
are surrounded by a
membrane made of
phospholipids.
• Nickname: “The
gatekeeper”
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Membrane Structure
• There are proteins “stuck” in the
membrane that help get things into and
out of the cells.
• They also help to get messages into the
cell.
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Proteins in Membrane
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The
Membrane
is a lipid
bilayer.
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Plant cells also have a cell wall outside of
the cell membrane.
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• Cell walls can also be
found in fungi and
bacteria.
• The cell wall provides
support and
protection for these
cells.
• In plants, the cell
wall is made of the
carbohydrate
cellulose.
Inside of the cell
The Cytoplasm
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The cytoplasm contains
all of the organelles.
• Cells are filled
with organelles
that each do
something to keep
the cell alive.
• The jelly-like
insides of a cell is
called cytoplasm.
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Organelles in the Cytoplasm
• Each organelle has a specific
function so that the cell can do
its job.
• Each organelle has its own job!
• Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC
CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!
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What an organelle?
• Organelle mean “tiny organ.”
• Organelles function together
to help the cell carry out all
of life’s activities!!
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Nucleus-The Control Center
• The Brain
• Contains the
DNA
• DNA controls
which proteins
get made-and
when!
• Where
ribosomes are
made
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•
The nucleus has
a phospholipid
bilayer around
it.
• The nuclear
pores allow
substances to
move into and
out of the
nucleus.
• The DNA
NEVER leaves
the nucleus.
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Ribosomes
• Not technically an
organelles.
• Nickname: “protein
maker”
• Place where
proteins are made.
• They help put the
amino acids
together to make
proteins.
• Made of the nucleic
Acid-RNA
• website
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Membrane
system that’s
function
involves
protein
synthesis and
transport.
• Can be
thought of as a
Highway and
a place of
protein
synthesis.
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Two types of ER
• Smooth
– No attached ribosomes
• Rough
– Attached ribosomes
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ER branches
off from the
nuclear
membrane.
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Golgi Apparatus
• Nickname: “UPS”
• Packages molecules and
sends them to their
destination.
• Also checks to make sure
the molecules are put
together correctly, if not
correct it sends them
back to the ER.
• Website
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Golgi w/vacuoles
Vacuoles are
packages of
material that
are being
transported.
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Lysosomes
• Nickname “Recycling
Center”
• Has digestive enzymes
that breakdown and
recycle molecules.
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Vacuoles
• Storage and transport containers.
• Plants usually have one large one
• Animals generally have many small ones.
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• A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that
plays roles in intracellular digestion and
the release of cellular waste products. In
animal cells, vacuoles are generally small.
• Vacuoles tend to be large in plant cells
and play a role in turgor pressure. When a
plant is well-watered, water collects in cell
vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant.
Without sufficient water, pressure in the
vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts.
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Chloroplasts
Site of
photosynthesis
in plants.
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Cytoskeleton
• Gives cells their shape.
• Contain proteins: microtubules and
microfilaments.
Microfilaments help give the cell shape,
and movement in cytoplasm.
Microtubules aids in chromosome
movement, movement of organelles, and
the movement of cilia and flagella.
Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would
have no shape. By allowing the cell to keep
shape, the cell is allowed to function and
stay in homeostasis.
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Microtubules and Microfilaments
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Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Michondrion
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Mitochondria
• Nickname:
“Powerhouse”
• Site of ATP production
• ATP is the universal
energy molecule
• Energy is stored in the
bonds of ATP.
• Website
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Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome
(free)
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Cell wall
Nuclear
envelope
Nucleolus
Golgi
apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrian
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant Cell
Organelles of the Cell Clip
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)Ribosome
(free)
Cell
Membrane
Mitochondrian
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi
apparatus
Animal Cell
Animal Cell and Plant Cell
Clip
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Levels of Organization
• Cells make up tissues.
• Tissues make up Organs.
• Organs make up organ systems.
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How do
molecules get
into and out
of a cell?
•Movement of
molecules
from a place
of higher
concentration
to a place of
lower
concentration
•Always
higher to
lower!
•No energy
input
required!
Diffusion
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Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membrane
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Transport through the membrane
Two types
–Facilitated Diffusion
•Energy input NOT required
–Active Transport
•Energy input required
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Facilitated Diffusion
Energy is
NOT
required
to move
substances
across the
membrane.
Protein
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Facilitated Diffusion
High
Concentration
Cell Membrane
bilayer
Low
Concentration
Glucose
molecules
Protein
channel
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.
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Active Transport
• Energy is
required.
• Need ATPthe universal
energy
molecule.
• Low to high
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Other ways to get
molecules into and out of
a
cell
Some molecules are too large to
get through the membrane.
Website
1. Endocytosis
• Into
1. Exocytosis
• Out of
E
N
D
O
C
Y
T
O
S
I
S
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Inside of the cell
Exocytosis
Outside of the cell
solutions
– The solution with the higher
concentration of solutes is hypertonic.
– The solution with the lower
concentration of solutes is hypotonic.
– These are comparative terms.
• Tap water is hypertonic compared to
distilled water but hypotonic when
compared to sea water.
– Solutions with equal solute
concentrations are isotonic.
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3 types of Solutions
What types of solution?
Hypertonic
Or
Hypotonic
Plasmolysis
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Microscopes
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Stage
Eyepiece
Body Tube
Nosepiece
Arm
10x Objectives
40X objective
100x Objective
Stage
Stage Clips
Coarse Adjustment
Diaphragm
Fine Adjustment
Light Source
Base
• This beautiful
microscope was
made for the
famous British
scientist Robert
Hooke in the late
1600s, and was
one of the most
elegant
microscopes
built during the
period. Hooke
illustrated the
microscope in
his
Micrographia,
one of the first
detailed
treatises on
microscopy and
imaging.
Electron Microscopes
• use a beam of highly energetic electrons to
examine objects on a very fine scale
• Co-invented by Germans, Max
Knott and Ernst Ruska in 1931,
Ernst Ruska was awarded half of
the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986
for his invention.
• 15x to 200,000x
Below are five different images of the same mosquito.
• The fossilized
shell of a
microscopic ocean
animal is
magnified 392
times its actual
size. The ancient
creature, called
Radiolarian, lived
in the waters off
Antarctica and is
now used to study
such things as
climate and ocean
circulation.