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Transcript
LEARNING ABOUT THE CELL • YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR READING AND LEARNING THE MATERIAL IN THIS CHAPTER ON YOUR OWN. YOU WILL BE TESTED ON THIS CHAPTER ALONG WITH CHAPTER 7, AND WILL DO A LAB. • THE FOLLOWING SLIDES WILL HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANT MATERIAL THAT YOU MUST BE SURE TO LEARN AND UNDERSTAND MICROSCOPES • ROBERT HOOKE-1665 • MAGNIFICATION AND RESOLVING POWER • THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MICROSCOPES AND WHEN THEY ARE USED ORGANELLES TO KNOW FOR QUIZ • • • • • • • • • MITOCHONDRION CENTRIOLES LYSOSOMES CHROMOSOMES GOLGI BODY NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES CHLOROPLASTS CYTOPLASM CELL WALL CELL MEMBRANE NUCLEOLUS NUCLEAR MEMBRANE MICROVILLI VACUOLE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STUDYING CELL ORGANELLES • CELL FRACTIONATION– WHAT IS IT AND HOW IS IT USED? – WHAT IS THE PROCESS INVOLVED IN CELL FRACTIONATION? A PANORAMIC V IEW OF THE CELL • PROKARYOTIC V. EUKARYOTIC CELLS – KNOW AND UNDERSTAND THE MAJOR DIFFERENCES – PROKARYOTES ARE FOUND ONLY IN BACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA – EVERYTHING ELSE IS EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC CELL CELL SIZE • HOW DOES CELL SIZE EFFECT FUNCTION? • KNOW ABOUT SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO • WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? THE NUCLEUS • WHAT IS INSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS? • WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE? • TERMS: – CHROMATIN, CHROMOSOMES, NUCLEOLUS, NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZERS THE NUCLEUS AND ITS ENVELOPE RIBOSOMES • WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION? • FREE RIBOSOMES V. BOUND RIBOSOMES THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM • WHAT IS IT AND HOW DOES IT WORK? • WHAT STRUCTURES ARE INCLUDED IN THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM? • WHAT ARE VESICLES? ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R.) • FUNCTIONS? • SMOOTH E.R. V. ROUGH E.R. – YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT BOTH TYPES -STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM GOLGI APPARATUS • KNOW THE FUNCTION • CIS FACE V. TRANS FACE – HOW DO THEY DIFFER IN BOTH STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION???? GOLGI APPARATUS LYSOSOMES • FUNCTION? • OPTIMAL pH? • FUNCTION OF LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANES? • INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION – PHAGOCYTOSIS LYSOSOME VACOULES • FUNCTION • TYPES: FOOD VACUOLE CONTRACTILE VACUOLE CENTRAL VACUOLE PLANT CELL VACUOLE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENDOMEMBRANES • COMPONENTS OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM ARE RELATED THROUGH DIRECT CONTACT OR THROUGH VESICLES ENDOMEMBRANE RELATIONSHIPS NUCLEAR ENVELOPE ROUGH E.R. SMOOTH E.R. VESICLES GOLGI APPARATUS LYSOSOMES & VACUOLES VESICLES PLASMA MEMBRANE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENDOMEMBRANES PEROXISOMES • FUNCTIONS? • HOW DO THEY PRODUCE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE? • SPECIALIZED PEROXISOMES – GLYOXYSOMES MITOCHONDRIA • FUNCTIONS? • STRUCTURE – INTERMEMBRANE SPACE – MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLASTS • KNOW ABOUT EACH OF THE FOLLOWING – – – – PLASTIDS AMYLOPLASTS CHROMOPLASTS CHLOROPLASTS STRUCTURE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE THYLAKOID SPACE STROMA CHLOROPLAST CYTOSKELETON • HOW DOES THE CYTOSKELETON ORGANIZE THE STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL? • MICROTUBULES – TUBULIN STRUCTURE – FUNCTIONS CYTOSKELETON CENTROSOMES AND CENTRIOLES • FUNCTION • STRUCTURE CENTROSOMES AND CENTRIOLES CILIA AND FLAGELLA • FUNCTION • STRUCTURE • HOW ARE THEY SIMILAR AND HOW ARE DIFFERENT??? • MICROTUBULAR CORE:9 +2 PATTERN • BASAL BODY • DYNEIN STRUCTURE OF FLAGELLA OR CILIA BEATING OF FLAGELLA V. CILIA MICROFILAMENTS • STRUCTURE • FUNCTION • HOW DO THEY WORK IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION? • INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS MICROFILAMENTS AND MOTILITY CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS • • • • CELL WALLS SECONDARY CELL WALLS EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS – – – – PLASMODESMATA TIGHT JUNCTIONS DESMOSOMES GAP JUNCTIONS PLANT CELL WALLS EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS IN ANIMALS