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KEY CONCEPT Cells are the Basic unit of life.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54bRp
bSOgs 4min
A View of the Cell
Cellular Organization
• Cell
• Tissue – group of cells
functioning together.
• Organ – group of tissues
functioning together.
• Organ System – group of organs
functioning together.
• Organism – group of organ systems
functioning together.
•
Many scientists contributed to the cell
theory.
• The cell theory grew out of the work of
many scientists and improvements in the
microscope.
• The cell theory grew out of the work of
many scientists and improvements in the
microscope.
– Many scientists contributed to the cell theory.
– More was learned about cells
as microscopes improved.
• The cell theory grew out of the work of
many scientists and improvements in the
microscope.
– Many scientists contributed to the cell theory.
– More was learned about cells
as microscopes improved.
– The cell theory is a unifying
concept of biology.
The History of the Cell
• The Cell
–The basic unit of an organism
–Discovery made possible by
the invention of the
microscope
Microscopes and Cells
• 1600’s.
–Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
first described
living cells as
seen through a
simple
microscope.
Microscopes and Cells
–Robert Hooke used the first
compound microscope to
view thinly sliced cork cells.
•Compound scopes
use a series of lenses
to magnify in steps.
•Hooke was the first
to use the term
“cell”.
Microscopes and Cells
• 1830’s.
–Mathias Schleiden identified
the first plant cells and
concluded that all plants
made of cells.
- Thomas Schwann
made the same
conclusion about
animal cells.
• Early studies led to the development of the cell
theory.
•
The Cell theory has three principles.
–All organisms are made of cells.
• Early studies led to the development of the cell
theory.
•
The Cell theory has three principles.
–All organisms are made of cells.
–All existing cells are produced by
other living cells.
• Early studies led to the development of the cell
theory.
– The Cell theory has three principles.
• All organisms are made of cells.
• All existing cells are produced by other living cells.
• The cell is the most basic unit of life.
Cell Theory:
• All organisms are
made up of one or more cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of
organization of all organisms.
• All cells come from other cells
all ready in existence.
COMMON CELL TRAITS
• A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of
performing life functions.
COMPARING CELLS
• The size & shape of a
cell relates to its
function. (job it does)
• There are two cell types:
eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic
cells.
– Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus.
– Prokaryotic cells do
not have membranebound organelles.
Two Basic Cell Types
Prokaryote
–Lacks internal
compartments.
–No true nucleus.
–Most are singlecelled (unicellular)
organisms.
–Examples: bacteria
• Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most
internal structures of eukaryotic cells.
– All cells share certain characteristics.
• Cells tend to be microscopic.
• All cells are enclosed
by a membrane.
• All cells are filled with
cytoplasm.
cell membrane
cytoplasm
Bacterium
(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)
Prokaryote
• Were here first & for billions of years the
only living thing on Earth
• Reproduces only through asexual methods
Prokaryotic Cells
(proh KAYR ee yah tihk)
• cells without membranebound structures
• EX: bacteria
pond scum
Story Time
• Mr. P (Phagocyte) + Mr. B (bacterium) = Mitochondria
» +
=
Phagocyte
Eukaryotic Cells
(yew KAYR ee yah tihk)
• cells with membranebound structures
• EX: animals, plants,
fungi and protists
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell
Boundaries
Plasma Membrane
-- Serves as a boundary
between the cell and
its external
environment.
-- Allows materials to
pass in and out of the
cell.
Animal Cell
• Several organelles are involved in making
and processing proteins.
– The nucleus stores genetic information.
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
Controls
Nucleus
• Regulates cell function.
• Surrounded by a doublelayered membrane
(nuclear enveloped) with
large pores that allow
materials to pass in and
out of the nucleus.
• Contains chromatin –
long tangles of DNA.
• Left cell nucleus is
undergoing mitosisnucleus has disintegated
to prepare for division
Controls
Nucleolus
•Found in the nucleus
and responsible for
ribosome production.
Ribosomes are the sites
of protein production.
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
Assembly
Cytoplasm
The jelly-like
material that
surrounds
the
organelles.
CELL WALL
•
•
•
•
protects the cell
gives shape
is made of cellulose
A cell wall is found in plants, algae, fungi, &
most bacteria.
CELL MEMBRANE
• Outer covering, protective layer
around ALL cells
• For cells with cell walls,the cell
membrane is inside the cell wall
• Allows food, oxygen, & water into
the cell & waste products out of the
cell.
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
• separates nucleus from
cytoplasm
• controls movement of
materials in & out of
nucleus
NUCLEOLUS
• Aka “little nucleus”
• Found in the nucleus
CHROMATIN
• contains genetic code that controls cell
• made of DNA & proteins
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
Transport
Endoplasmic reticulum
Folded membrane that
acts as the cells delivery
system
Smooth E.R. contains
enzymes for lipid
synthesis
Rough E.R. is studded
with ribosomes for
protein synthesis.
• Several organelles are involved in making
and processing proteins. (continued)
– Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins.
• Several organelles are involved in making
and processing proteins..
– Many processes occur in the endoplasmic
reticulum.
• Several organelles are involved in making
and processing proteins.
– Many processes occur in the endoplasmic
reticulum.
– There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
• rough endoplasmic
reticulum
• Several organelles are involved in making
and processing proteins.
– The nucleus stores genetic information.
– Many processes occur in the endoplasmic
reticulum.
– There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
• rough endoplasmic
reticulum
• smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Transport
Golgi apparatus (or
Golgi body)
A series of flattened
sacs where newly
made lipids and
proteins from the
E.R. are repackaged
and shipped to the
plasma membrane.
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
Storage
Vacuoles
•A sac of fluid
surrounded by a
membrane used to store
food, fluid, or waste
products.
• Other organelles have various functions.
– Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold
materials.
Storage
Lysosomes
•Contain a digestive
enzyme.
•Can fuse with vacuoles to
digest food, or can digest
worn cell parts.
•Also known as “suicide
sacs” because they can also
destroy the whole cell.
• Other organelles have various functions.
– Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.
• Several organelles are involved in making
and processing proteins..
– Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold
materials.
• Other organelles have various functions.
– Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
Energy Transformers
Mitochondria
•Produce the energy
for the cell.
•Also known as the
“powerhouse of the
cell”.
•Has a highly folded
inner membrane
(cristae).
6) Energy Transformers
Chloroplasts
-- Found in plant
cells and some
protists.
-- Transforms light
energy into
chemical energy
which is stored in
food molecules.
-- Contain
chlorophyll – a
green pigment that
traps light energy
and gives plants
their green color.
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
Cytoskeleton
Support
•A network of thin, fibrous
materials that act as a
scaffold and support the
organelles.
•Microtubules – hollow
filaments of protein.
•Microfilaments – solid
filaments of protein.
• Cells have an internal structure.
– The cytoskeleton has many functions.
•
•
•
•
•
supports and shapes cell
helps position and transport organelles
provides strength
assists in cell division
aids in cell movement
CYTOSKELETON
• scaffolding-like structure
in cytoplasm
• helps the cell maintain or
change its shape
• made of protein
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
Locomotion
Cilia
• Short,
numerous, hairlike projections
from the
plasma
membrane.
• Move with a
coordinated
beating action.
Locomotion
Flagella
Longer,
less numerous projections from
the plasma membrane that
move with a whiplike action.
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
Cell Division
Centrioles
– made of protein.
– play a role in the
splitting of the
cell into two cells.
– found in animal
and fungi cells.
• Other organelles have various functions.
– Centrioles are tubes found in the
centrosomes.
• Centrioles help divide
DNA.
• Centrioles form cilia and
flagella.
Composite Animal Cell
Composite Animal Cell
Plant Cell
• Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
– A cell wall provides rigid support.
Boundaries
Cell Wall
--surrounds the plasma
membrane of the cells in
plans, bacteria, and fungi.
--plant cell walls contain
cellulose while fungi cell walls
contain chitin.
• Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
– A cell wall provides rigid support.
– Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical
energy.