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Transcript
Cell Reproduction • Cells are constantly being replaced • Chromosomes discovery, dark stained structures composed of DNA and proteins. • The structure of the Eukaryotic chromosome. Chromatin is DNA wrapped around proteins called histones. Viral Reproduction • • • • • Virus composition Bacteriophage Original Bioengineers Nuclear material-DNA,RNA Protein Coat-disguise Asexual reproduction • • • • • Binary fission Spore formation Budding Regeneration Vegetative Propagation – – – – – Tubers Stolons Rhizomes Bulbs corms Cell Cycle • Sequence of growth and division of a cell. Interphase is the cells growth period where it spends most of its life • G1 cell growth and protein production is high • S the chromosomes are replicated • G2 organelles that needed for cell reproduction gear up. Cell Cycle • G-1-cell grows, cell doubles in size, enzymes are produced in organelles, mitochondria, chloroplast duplicate. • S-chromosomes replicate • G-2-preparation for mitosis • Mitosis – – – – Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cell Cycle G1 S Cytokinesis Mitosis G2 G1,S,G2 are all Interphase Phases of Mitosis • Size may be a trigger for beginning mitosis • Prophase-chromosomes look hairy, chromosomes shorten and are called chromatids, nuclear membrane disappears • Metaphase chromatids line up in the center of the cell. • Anaphase chromatids race off to the poles of the cell • Telophase the furrow or plate separates the cell. • Cytokinesis-cytoplasm splitting http://www.johnkyrk.com/CellIndex.html http://cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/mitosis.html Cell Cycle Website • http://www.slideshare.net/catherinepatterso n/the-cell-cycle-presentation683955?src=related_normal&rel=713314 Control of the Cell Cycle • Enzymes normally control the cell cycle • Cancer are cells that reproduce out of control – Factors might include environmental, changes in enzyme production • Problems that could possibly occur – Failure to produce enzymes – Overproduction of enzymes – Other enzyme production at the wrong time Cell Limitations • Cell size is limited 2 microns-several meters, so to 2-200 micrometers • Diffusion limits cell size, normally fast and efficient, but with distance the speed and efficiency decreases rapidly • DNA limits cell size heredity, information stored in the nucleus, protein information. Size of cell quickly determines how quickly proteins need to be released. • Surface area to volume ratio-if size double the volume increases 4X. • Cancers are cells that are growing out of control. • Genes are segment of DNA that control production of certain specific proteins(enzymes). Cancers • Cancers are cells that are growing out of control. • Tumor is a large mass of cells (cancerous) that are depriving other cells of nutrients and blood. • Metastasis is new tumor forming that disrupts the functioning of that organ. – Causes • Environmental, habitat, smoke, dust, water pollution, air pollution, UV light, prolonged exposure to certain compounds or minerals • Genetic • Viral infection, that damage genes Cancer Prevention • Healthy Lifestyle – Diet rich in fiber, low in fats (vitamins, minerals) – Exercise-Roman empire C Words CancerCentriolesCentromereCentrosomes. ChromatidsChromatinChromosomes- Cytokinesis- C Words • Cancer uncontrolled cell division, cells reproducing out of control • Centrioles are microtubules in animal cells that duplicate to form a spindle • Centromere material that binds two sister chromatids together • Centrosomes-Are both of the centrioles together. • Chromatids-duplicate copies of chromosomes • Chromatin-strands of DNA and proteins • Chromosomes-strands of DNA and proteins that carry an organisms genetic information. • Cytokinesis is the splitting of the cytoplasm