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Kingdom Protista
“The Middle Kingdom”
Objectives:
 SWBAT compare and contrast prokaryotic
cells and eukaryotic cells.
 SWBAT summarize the characteristics of
organisms in Kingdom Protista.
 SWBAT describe the three major forms of
movement among protists.
 SWBAT define protist.
 SWBAT describe the three major types of
protists.
 SWBAT identify the major phyla of
Kingdom Protista.
 SWBAT discuss Protist evolution.
The Cell Theory
Overview of the Cell
Overview of the Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
 No Membrane-bound
organelles
 Has membrane-bound
organelles (includes a
nucleus, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum
(ER), etc.)
 Does contain DNA (but
NOT located inside a
nucleus)
Both types of cells include:
cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell
membrane, and ribosomes
Comparing a cell to a cookie factory
Process
Factory Part
Cell Part
Ingredients
in/Products
out
Factory gates
and doors
Cell
Membrane
Manager’s
Office
Nucleus
Energy
Power Plant
Mitochondria
Storage
Storage Room
Vacuole
Making the
product
Mixing/Baking
Room
Ribosomes
Transport of
materials
Conveyer
Belts
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
(ER)
Packaging and
Distribution
Shipping
Room
Golgi Body
Clean up and
Recycling
Custodial
Staff
Lysosome
Structure/
Support
Walls and
studs
Cytoskeleton
Control Center
KINGDOM PROTISTA Characteristics
 Eukaryotic Cell- true nucleus containing
DNA surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Contains other double-membrane bound
organelles such as the mitochondria.
 Unspecialized cells with no tissues
 Unicellular or Multicellular
 Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
 Presence of free-living life stage
 Nonmotile and motile organisms present
Structures for Movement
 Pseudopodia: “false foot” this structure is
an extension of the cytoplasm using to
move the organism along. Amoebas move
using pseudopodia.
 Cilia: small hair-like structures that move
quickly back and forth. Most protists with
cilia live in watery environments.
(paramecium)
 Flagella: simple, whip-like structure
ALGAE: Plant-like Protists
 ☼ Photosynthesis/autotrophic (cells inside
the algae capture light rays and use carbon
dioxide and water to change light energy into
chemical energy in the form of sugar. Oxygen
is given off as a product of this process)
 sexual/asexual reproduction
 unicellular/multicellular
 have no specialized tissues (no roots, stems,
leaves)
 most have cell walls (like plants)
Phylum Euglenophyta
 Unicellular
 Move through watery environments using a
flagellum
 Producer (can also consume organisms)
 Eyespot (allows response to light
 Most are Green
 Euglena.
Phylum Chrysophyta
Unicellular
Producers (photosynthesizers)
Golden algae: include organisms that
make up phytoplankton in the ocean
Diatoms: has a shell made of silica
Most are golden-brown in color
Golden Algae
Diatom
Diatoms
Freshwater Diatoms
Marine Diatoms
Phylum Pyrrophyta
Single-celled (Unicellular)
Move using two flagella
Most are red (sometimes known as
fire algae due to color)
Dinoflagellates (cause red-tides and
can be bioluminescent).
ALGAE: Phylum Chlorophyta
(Green Algae)
Example: Volvox, Spirogyra, Scenedesmus
many are multicellular
gave rise to land plants
½ of lichen (other ½ in kingdom Fungi)
sea weed, pond scum, fish tank gunk etc.
Volvox
Spirogyra
Scenedesmus
ALGAE: Phylum Rhodophyta
(Red Algae)
multicellular
Red color
Cell wall made of carrageenan
most live in ocean
some found up to 200 m deep
Rhodophyta
ALGAE: Phylum Phaetophyta
(Brown Algae)
 Example: Kelp
 multicellular, seaweed and kelp
 many very large, ocean species
(up to 100m!)
 byproducts make ice cream,
make-up, sushi etc.
Phaeophyta
PROTOZOANS: Animal-like
Protists
Asexual
Heterotrophic
Motile
Animal-like
Single-celled (unicellular)
Microscopic
PROTOZOANS: Phylum Sarcodina
Example: Amoeba
includes formaniferans, amoebas etc.
heterotrophic
move by psuedopodia
Amoeba
Amoeba Feeding
 Endocytosis – a process by which a
cell surrounds and takes in materials
from its’ environment. Materials do
NOT pass directly through the
membrane. It is engulfed and
enclosed by a portion of the plasma
membrane. That portion of the
membrane then breaks away and the
resulting vacuoles, with its; contents
closed inside moves to the inside of
the cell.
 Requires energy and is a form of
Active Transport.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pv
Oz4V699gk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ymaSzcsdY&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Exocytosis
 Exocytosis – The expulsion or secretion of materials or wastes
from a cell.
 Cells also use exocytosis as a means to secrete substances such
as hormones produced by the cell.
 This process requires energy and is a form of Active Transport.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9pvm_
4-bHg
PROTOZOANS: Phylum
Ciliophora
 Example: Paramecium, Blepharisma
 heterotrophic
 move by cilia (small hairs surrounding cell)
 some sexual
reproduction
Blepharisma
ium
PROTOZOANS: Phylum
Mastigophora
Example: Giardia, Trypanosome
 move by flagella (whip-like tail)
Heterotrophic
cause some nasty diseases like giardia
and sleeping sickness
Giardia
Trypanosome
PROTOZOAN: Phylum Sporozoa
 Example: Plasmodium which cause malaria
 adults have no means of movement
 heterotrophic
 usually parasitic
Plasmodium
FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS
 SLIME MOLDS: (Phylum
Acrasiomycota and Phylum
Myxomycota)
 WATER MOLDS (Phylum
Oomycota and Phylum
Chytridiomycota)
 Multicellular or colonial
 Heterotrophic
SLIME MOLDS
life is spent eating
other organisms
grow
on
decaying
matter in moist areas
colorful
glistening
masses of slime!
Slime Mold
PROTISTA EVOLUTION
1.5 Billion years ago (during the
Precambrian) were the first Protists
(1st organisms with eukaryotic
cells).
Evolved from a symbiotic
relationship of 2 prokaryotes living
together.
Eventually prokaryotes became
dependent upon one another.
Eukaryotic cells have organelles with membranes
around them. Some, like mitochondria and
chloroplasts, have a double membrane. This
explains how this could have evolved.
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts do? Why
would another cell want them inside??