Download Eukaryotic Organelles

The cell is the natural granule of life in the same way as the
atom is the natural granule of simple, elemental matter. If
we are to take the measure of the transit to life and
determine its precise nature, we must try to understand the
cell.
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1955)
The Cell is the Basic Unit of Living
Things!
All Organisms are Cells or composed of Cells!
Cells are the smallest units capable of
carrying out all Characteristics of Living
Things!
Basic Cell Types.
Prokaryotic Cells – (pro; before / karyo;
nut or seed.)
The Simplest First Cells
a. Very Simple Cells with No membrane
bound Organelles*.
b. Mostly one-celled organisms = Bacteria.
So, typically drawn with no
complex internal stuff!
Bacterial Cells are apparently very simple
compared to Eukaryotes, so why have they
survived and thrived on Earth?
Reproduce FASTER!
Evolve FASTER!
Can fill many
niches.
Can “shut-down” to
“Hibernate” and
survive!
Basic Cell Types.
Eukaryotic Cells – (Eu; true / karyo;
nut or seed.)
Advanced Large Cells.
Have “membrane bound organelles*.”
Most familiar organisms. Ex.
Plants/Animals/Fungi.
Organelle = “Little” “Organ”
Compared to Bacteria!
Organelles - Cellular components that
perform specific functions within the cell.
When one
organelle takes
care of one
function, the
other organelles
can then
become
specialized
themselves!
Eukaryotes
have many
specialized
compartments
that each
perform
specific tasks.
These are the
Organelles!
Organelles are like factories – they are dedicated to specific tasks
and can then perform at a higher level. Cells can be larger, more
specialized (leading to multicellular!), and more capable!
Eukaryotic Cells are individually better! TEAMWORK!!
The Plasma Membrane:
Surrounds/Seals off the Cell. Also known as the Cell
Membrane. Forms a Barrier within Water by using
Phospholipids.
Controls Access to and Maintains Homeostasis within the
Cell. Lipids are the Barrier! Proteins are the Controlling
“Doors”.
Plasma
Membrane
Controls Access!
Selective
Permeability!
Cell Border!
The Cell Wall: Not really an “Organelle”
Found Outside Cells of almost all Cells
EXCEPT Animals!.
Rigid Structure outside the Plasma
Membrane. Extracellular Materials
Produced and Released by the Cell!
Supports/Protect - Usually a Rigid Structure!
Often a Carbohydrate - Like Cellulose!
Cell Wall
Why Cellulose?!
Outside Cell!
Protection!
Cellulose in
Plants!
Cell Living Liquid
Cytoplasm
= the liquid matrix of the Cell between the plasma
membrane and the Nucleus.
Contains the Aqueous Solution filling the cell (Cytosol)
and the various Organelles.
Cytoplasm
Aqueous = Water
based!
Site for
Chemistry!
Gel!
Nucleus (Control Center of the cell)
Membrane Bound - enclosed in a double-membrane
that protects/surrounds the DNA.
Nuclear Pores - provide controlled access.
Near the center
of the cell due to
its importance
in producing
RNA that
carries out its
Genetic
“Orders”!
Nucleus (the Genetic Library)
Contains DNA - The genetic Information must be
protected in a controlled area!
Chromatin - Loose, Active DNA. When it coils up
and is inactive = Chromosomes.
Nucleolus(i) - Dense area where the ribosomes (one
form of RNA) are manufactured.
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Includes/IS DNA!
Genetic Info!
Protected
Material!
Dark Spot inside
Nucleus!
Ribosome made
in the Nucleus!
Then they Leave.
Ribosomes
Cellular Site for Protein Production.
Free or Associated with the Rough ER.
Made of RNA and Produced in the Nucleus
(Nucleolus).
“Spots” are the
ribosomes.
Ribosome
Make Proteins!
Work in the
Cytoplasm!
“Dotted Ribbons” are the
Free or
proteins being made.
Associated with
What are the visible “dots”?
ER.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
(folded internal membranes in the cytoplasm,
site of manufacture of many substances)
Rough ER (rough = ribosomes) - site of protein
synthesis for export from the cell (secretion).
Smooth ER (no ribosomes) - site of lipid production,
including steroids and phospholipids.
ER
Rough ER makes
Proteins to be
Packaged!
Smooth ER
makes Lipids
(etc..) to be
Packaged!
Golgi Apparatus
.
(membrane sacs associated with the ER)
Sorts, Purifies, and Packages many organic
molecules originally made in the ER.
Responsible for Producing Plasma Membranes.
Resembles a “Stack of Pancakes”.
Golgi
Apparatus
Post Office!
Collects and
Organizes all of
the Molecules
manufactured in
the ER!
The Golgi Apparatus produces purified
packages of various materials. These
Materials are transported throughout the
cell in Transport Vesicles.
Vesicles
Transport Pod!
Moved Membrane Plasma
One of Them!
Lysosome
Digestive
Bilayer and membrane
Organelle!
throughout the
proteins are organized in the Golgi.
Cell to carry
Carries purified
Lysosome
substances to - contains digestive enzymes to
Proteins used to
theirbreakdown
appropriate food, destroy other cells, clear
break
outthings
old
Site.
down.
organelles,
or commit cell suicide.
4. Specialized
Vesicles carry
the Final
Products!!
Nucleus
carries the
Genetic Info!
Esp. note the:
Digestion!!
Release!!
Plasma Membrane!!
3. Golgi sorts
them out!
2. Transport
Vesicles carry
the molecules.
1. ER makes the
molecules.
Vacuoles
(Storage Organelles)
Found in all Cells and act to store food, water,
enzymes, waste, etc...
In Animals, they are small and primarily used in
digestion along with the Lysosomes.
InVacuole
Plants, they are large (up to 90% cell size). They
Storage!
keep
the cells rigid and store Water and toxic
materials
Large
open within the cell!
structure in Plant
Cells.
Small and
numerous in
Animal Cells.
Mitochondria
(the Mighty Mitochondria)
Provides Energy for the Cell (Powerplant!).
Very Active
Specialized Organelle
that acts to make ATP
Cells require
from the breakdown
Energyof
andfood molecules.
possess Many
Many per cell - especially
in very active cells!
Mitochondria!
Have their own DNA/ribosomes.
Sperm Cells
require as
many as
possible to
swim as fast as
possible!
Mitochondrion
PowerHouse!
Site of Aerobic
Respiration!
Makes LOTS of
ATP for the Cell.
CHLOROPLAST and Plastids
(various specialized Plant Organelles)
Chloroplasts – function in photosynthesis,
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
Other Plastids Store other Pigments, Fats, Complex
Carbohydrates, etc… (appear to be modified
Chloroplasts!)
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis!
Green =
Chlorophyll!
Makes Sugar
using Sunlight
Energy!
Mitochondria and Plastids.
Possess their own DNA and Ribosomes.
They Reproduce Independently from the Cell.
They closely resemble certain bacteria:
Possible origins as Symbiotic Bacteria
trapped inside eukaryotic cells long ago.
Cytoskeleton
(Support and Organization)
Network of thin, fibrous proteins that act as a
Scaffold for the Organelles and Determine
the Shape of the Cell.
*Microtubules and *Microfilaments are the
dominant protein fibers of the Cytoskeleton.
Cytoskeleton
Cell Shape!
Internal
Transport!
Organization of
the Cell!
Locomotion
(cytoskeleton adaptations for movement)
Cilia: Short hairlike projections on the
surface of cell membrane. May move the cell
outright or move material located on the cell
surface.
Inner Ear Cells.
Moving Cilia =
Hearing!
Cells of the respiratory
tubes (trachea here) move
mucus = phlegm!
Paramecium use cilia
to perform
Locomotion!
Locomotion
(cytoskeleton adaptations for movement)
Flagella: Long Projections of the cell
membrane that moves like a tail to propel
the cell. Usually only a few per cell.
Cilia/Flagella
Locomotion and
movement!
Cilia Short and
Numerous.
Flagella long and
one or few
(usually)
Outside the Cell

Inside the Cell
Plant or
Animal?!

The Prokaryotic
Cell!
But, they DO HAVE?!
No Nucleus!
Small!
Simple!
First!
No
Organelles!
BA C T E R I A