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Cell Structure & Function (What do cells look like?) (What do cells do?) 2 main types of cells Prokaryotes (Prokaryotic) Eukaryotes (Eukaryotic) Prokaryotes Simple cells Unicellular only Typical size 1-2 μm in diameter No nuclear membrane or other membranebound organelles DNA is in a tangled loop Some prokaryotes have a second loop of DNA called a plasmid Cell walls vary but can be very “tough” to help the cell survive harsh environments Prokaryotic cell: Eukaryotes Complex cells Both unicellular & multicellular organisms. (All multicellular organisms are this type.) Typically about 10x larger than prokaryotic cells Many organelles – some common, some only in plant cells, some only in animal cells DNA is extremely long so the cell condenses it to form chromosomes Some eukaryotic cells differentiate. This means they can become different types of cells: skin cells, muscle cells, blood cells, fat cells, etc. Plants have different types of cells too. Eukaryotic cell: Comparing prokaryotes to eukaryotes Prokaryotic cell Simple or Complex? Size of Cell? Unicellular, Multicellular, or Both Any membrane-bound organelles? What does the DNA look like? Eukaryotic cell Comparing prokaryotes to eukaryotes Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell Simple Complex 1 – 2 μm Typically 10x larger Unicellular, Multicellular, or Both Unicellular Both Any membrane-bound organelles? No Yes Tangled loop Chromosomes Simple or Complex? Size of Cell? What does the DNA look like? Organelles Little “compartments” inside cells. Only found in eukaryotic cells. Each type of organelle has its own purpose/function for the cell. Organelles may have once been prokaryotic cells that were engulfed and then incorporated into a larger cell instead of being broken down as food. Nucleus Holds genetic material http://www2.plymouth.ac.uk/electronmicroscopy/TEM_BIOL/slides/Nucleus.jpg November 2007 Nuclear membrane Selects what can enter and leave the nucleus Nucleolus An area in the nucleus that makes ribosomes Nuclear pore Controls what molecules can enter/leave the nucleus http://www.abdn.ac.uk/emunit/emunit/temcells/images/nuclear%20po re%20%20.jpg Cell wall Supports and protects the cell. Root cell: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/emunit/emunit/templant/images/root%20cell%20%20.jpg Cell membrane Selects what can enter and leave the cell. Cytoplasm Includes the internal part of the cell except the nucleus. http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/tem2.jpg http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/tem22.jpg Cytosol The gel-like fluid that surrounds the organelles in the cytoplasm. Vacuoles Storage Ribosomes Makes proteins (protein synthesis) (Tiny dots!) Endoplasmic reticulum Transports molecules around the cell Rough E.R. has ribosomes on it Smooth E.R. lacks ribosomes http://219.221.200.61/ywwy/zbsw(E)/pic/ech7-5.jpg Golgi apparatus Packages molecules to be released http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/tem12.jpg Mitochondria Makes ATP energy from the sugars that you ate earlier http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ebiomedia.com/prod/LC/images/UnitofLife_img_10.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ebiomedia. com/prod/LC/LCcellunit.html&h=238&w=416&sz=19&hl=en&start=40&tbnid=oAv7kJ4T5Z0hFM:&tbnh=72&tbnw=125&prev=/imag es%3Fq%3Dmitochondria%2BTEM%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN November 2007 Chloroplasts Converts light to sugar molecules (photosynthesis) http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Photosynthesis/Chloroplast_EN.gif Where to find these organelles: Cytosol Cytoplasm Chloroplasts Mitochondria Vacuoles Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear pore Nucleolus Nuclear membrane All eukaryotic cells Nucleus Animal cells only Cell membrane Cell Wall Plant cells only Where to find these organelles: Cytosol Cytoplasm Chloroplasts Mitochondria Vacuoles Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear pore Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Nucleus Cell membrane Cell Wall X X X X X X X X X X X X All eukaryotic cells X X Plant cells only Animal cells only Plant Cell & Animal Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell Cell Video http://aimediaserver4.com/studiodaily/vi deoplayer/?src=ai4/harvard/harvard.swf &width=640&height=520