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Transcript
Notes on Cells Life is Cellular I. History of Cell Theory A. Microscopes 1. 1500s: merchants invented lenses to assess cloth quality 2. Early 1600s: Hans & Zaccharias Janssen invent the first crude microscope 3. 1665: Robert Hooke used a light microscope to look at thin slices of cork a. saw tiny compartments b. Name them “cells” 4. Late 1600s: Anton van Leeuwenhoek a. developed high quality lenses and first light microscope b. observed tiny structures in pond water [bacteria] c. “Animalcules” B. Cell Theory 1. 1830s: Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann observed many organisms a. Schleiden- plants are made of cells b. Schwann- animals are made of cells 2. Rudolph Virchow: studied cell division, bone marrow, and leukemia a. Concluded all cells come from other cells 3. Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • Cells are basic units of structure and function in living things • New cells come from existing cells II. Cell Types • Two categories: – Eukaryotes- have nucleus – Prokaryotes- do not have nucleus A. Prokaryotes 1. No nucleus 2. No membrane-bound organelles 3. Simple, first to evolve, smaller in size 4. Examples: all bacteria B. Eukaryotes 1. Have nucleus 2. Membrane-bound organelles [mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus] 3. Complex, evolved after prokaryotes, larger in size 4. Examples: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists III. Boundaries of the Cell • Typical cells are 5-50 μm A. Plasma or Cell membrane –thin, flexible barrier around cell B. Cell wall –strong layer around cell membrane (plants) –serve to give support and structure IV. CELL ORGANELLES • • • • • • • • • • • Nucleus Nuclear envelope = nuclear membrane Chromatin Chromosomes Nucleolus Ribosomes Cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Smooth ER Rough ER Golgi (Body or Apparatus) • Vacuoles • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • Plastids • Chloroplasts • Leucoplasts • Chromoplasts • Cytoplasm • Microtubules • Microfilaments • Cilia • Flagella • Centrioles • Cytoskeleton Basic Cell Structures • Nucleus – large structure containing cell’s genetic material and controls cell’s activities • Cytoplasm – material inside cell membrane but not including the nucleus Nucleolus • Small, dense region inside nucleus – Assembles ribosomes that make proteins • Nuclear Membrane – Double-membrane layer – Many pores Cytoskeleton • Microtubules – – – – hollow tubes; “tracks” that organelles use to move Important in cell division; separate chromosomes Cilia Flagella • Microfilaments – Give movement & support – Tough, flexible framework – Motor proteins move organelles Ribosomes • Made of RNA in nucleolus • Assemble proteins • “Workers” • Endoplasmic Reticulum, “conveyor belt” – Makes cell membrane components – Modifies proteins – rough and smooth • Rough ER – involved in synthesis of proteins – Gets appearance by ribsomes • Smooth ER – does not have ribosomes on surface – Makes lipids for cell membranes Golgi Apparatus • “Quality control” • • • • Stack of membranes Proteins made by RER move here Enzymes modify carbohydrates and lipids to proteins Brings to the cell surface to be secreted Lysosomes • “Janitors” • Small, filled with enzymes • Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into particles the cell uses • Break down old organelles Vacuoles • “Storage” • Store H2O, salts, proteins, carbs • Support structures, like leaves and flowers • Plants often have a central, large vacuole • Smaller vacuoles called “vesicles” Chloroplasts • “Solar panels” • Found in plants • photosynthesis • Two envelope membranes Mitochondria • “Power house” • Release energy from stored food • Use energy to make high-energy compounds • 2 envelope membranes • DNA • Inherited from mom! • Found in all eukaryotic cells Cell as a factory • Plasma membrane- “shipping/receiving department” • Cytoskeleton- “walls, roof, and beams” • Nucleus- “the control center, CEO” • Ribosome- “workers” • Golgi Apparatus- “Quality control” • Mitochondria and chloroplasts- “power sources” • Lysosomes- “janitors” V. Differences between Plant & Animal Cells • Plants have/animals don’t: B. Animals have/plants don’t: VI. Cellular Organization • Unicellular- “one cell” 1. more complex as one cell than a single cell of a multicellular organism 2. performs all functions that a multicellular organism does B. Multicellular- “many cells” 1. Cell specialization 2. Interdependent on other cells C. 5 Levels of Organization » » » » » Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism