Download Life is “Cellular”

CHAPTER 7
CELLULAR STRUCTURE & TRANSPORT
(P.168-193)
Chapter 7, Section 1
(p. 169-173)
Life is “Cellular”
Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of cells
• Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things
• New cells are produced from existing cells
Microscopes
• Light microscopes
– Visible light
– Whole cells & larger organelles
• Electron Microscopes
– Electrons
– Smaller cellular structures
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Chapter 7, Section 2
(p. 174-181)
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Nucleus
• Contains DNA
– Instructions for
making proteins
• Nucleolus
– Ribosome
assembly
Nuclear Envelope
• Controls what
enters/exists the
nucleus
Cytoplasm
• Jelly-like substance
– Surrounds organelles
• Functions
– Movement of
materials
– Dissolved substances
– Maintains structure
Ribosome
• Receives instructions
from DNA
– Synthesizes proteins
for the cell
• “Free”
– Proteins stay in cell
• “Attached”
– Proteins shipped to
another organelle
or out of cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• Contains
ribosomes
• Chemically
modifies newly
made proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
• No ribosomes
• Breaks down toxic
chemicals
• Synthesis of
membrane lipids
& steroids
Golgi Apparatus
• Sorts and
packages
proteins to send
to another
organelle or for
export out of the
cell
Lysosome
• Contains
enzymes
– Break down of
large molecules
Mitochondrion
• Converts energy
stored in food
molecules into
energy cell can use
– ATP
Cytoskeleton
• Made up of
– Microtubules
– Microfilaments
• Function
– Structural support
– Helps move
substances inside of
the cell
Centrioles
• Coordinates cell
division
• Organizes
cytoskeleton
• ONLY found in animal
cells
Central Vacuole
• Storage
– Water, toxins, sugars
• Provides internal
support to plant cell
by creating “turgor
pressure”
Chloroplast
• Site of photosynthesis
– Converts carbon
dioxide and water into
glucose
• ONLY in plant cells
Cell Membrane
• Controls what enters and exits the cell
Cell Wall
• Surrounds the cell
membrane
• ONLY in plant cells
– Structural support
– Made of cellulose
Chapter 7, Section 3
(p.182-189)
CELL BOUNDARIES
Phospholipid
Fluid Mosaic Model
• Phospholipid bilayer gives the membrane
structure and fluidity
Diffusion
• Movement of substances across a membrane
toward a state of equilibrium
– High  Low Concentration
– NO membrane protein required
– NO energy required
Diffusion of Gasses
Osmosis
• Diffusion of water
across a membrane
– High  low water
potential
– No membrane protein
– No energy required
• Plant cells are less
sensitive because of
their cell wall
Osmosis in Grapes
• Predictions:
• Observations:
Osmosis in Grapes
• Explanation:
Facilitated Diffusion
• Transport of substances that are large or
polar/charged across a membrane
– High  Low Concentration
– Membrane protein required
– NO energy required
Active Transport
• Movement of molecules across a membrane
against the concentration gradient
– Low  High Concentration
– Membrane protein required
– Energy required
Bulk Transport
Exocytosis
• Release of material from
the cell
Endocytosis
• Taking in of materials into
cell
– Vesicle fuses with cell
membrane
– Vesicle formed by cell
membrane
Low  High OR High  Low
ENERGY REQUIRED!