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Transcript
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Sylvia S. Mader Chapter 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization 3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization • The cell is the structural and functional unit of an organism, the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life. 3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization • Prokaryotic cells lack membrane enclosed structures. • Eukaryotic cells possess membrane enclosed structures. The Cell Theory The Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. The Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms. The Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms. • All cells come only from other cells. Sizes of Living Things Surface Area / Volume Ratio Surface Area / Volume Ratio • The amount of surface area affects the ability to get materials in and out of a cell. Surface Area / Volume Ratio • The amount of surface area affects the ability to get materials in and out of a cell. • As cells increase in volume, the proportionate amount of surface area decreases. Surface Area / Volume Ratio Plasma Membrane and Cytoplasm • All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. • The material inside of a cell is the cytoplasm. • The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits a cell. 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid • Ribosomes 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid • Ribosomes 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid • Ribosomes 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid • Ribosomes 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid • Ribosomes Prokaryotes are: • Structurally simple • Metabolically diverse • Adapted to most types of environments Prokaryotes are: • Structurally simple • Metabolically diverse • Adapted to most types of environments Prokaryotes are: • Structurally simple • Metabolically diverse • Adapted to most types of environments 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a nucleus – Possess membrane-bound organelles – May have a cell wall 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a nucleus – Possess membrane-bound organelles – May have a cell wall 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a nucleus – Possess membrane-bound organelles – May have a cell wall 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a nucleus – Possess membrane-bound organelles – May have a cell wall 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells The Nucleus • Stores DNA The Nucleus • Stores DNA • Nucleolus - rRNA The Nucleus • Stores DNA • Nucleolus - rRNA • Nuclear Envelope – Nuclear pores Ribosomes • Site of protein synthesis • Two subunits (large and small) – Subunits consist of rRNA and protein molecules • Polyribosomes – Several ribosomes with a single mRNA molecule Endoplasmic Reticulum • Consists of membranous channels and saccules Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough ER – Processing and modification of proteins • Smooth ER – Synthesizes phospholipids – Various other functions Golgi Apparatus • The Golgi apparatus collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids. Lysosomes • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down unwanted, foreign substances or wornout parts of cells Vacuoles • Vacuoles are membranous sacs that store substances. – For example: Water Pigments Toxins Peroxisomes • Membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes. – The enzymes break down molecules and as a result produce hydrogen peroxide. Energy-Related Organelles • Chloroplasts • Mitochondria Energy-Related Organelles Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Chloroplasts • Site of photosynthesis • Structure: – Double-membrane – Stroma – Grana • Thylakoids • Chloroplasts contain: – Their own DNA – Ribosomes – Enzymes Mitochondria • Found in all eukaryotic cells • Site or cellular respiration • Structure: – Double-membrane – Matrix – Crista The Cytoskeleton • Maintains cell shape • Assists in movement of cell and organelles • Assemble and disassemble as needed • Three types of macromolecular fibers – Actin Filaments – Intermediate Filaments – Microtubules Actin Filaments • • • • Anchored to the plasma membrane Allows intestinal microvilli to expand and contract Found in pseudopods allowing amoeboid movement Play a role in animal cell division Actin Filaments • Actin interacts with motor molecules such as myosin. • In the presence of ATP, myosin pulls actin along • Example: muscle cells Intermediate Filaments • Intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules • Functions: – Support nuclear envelope – Cell-cell junctions, such as those holding skin cells tightly together Microtubules • Hollow cylinders made of two globular proteins • Assembly: – Under control of Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC) – Most important MTOC is centrosome • Interacts with specific proteins to cause movement of organelles Microtubule Operation Centrioles • Short cylinders with a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubule triplets Centrioles • Help organize microtubules during animal cell division • May be involved with microtubule formation and in the organization of cilia and flagella Cilia and Flagella • Hairlike projections that aid in cell movement • In eukaryotic cells, cilia are much shorter than flagella • They are membrane-bound cylinders enclosing a matrix area – The matrix consists of microtubules in a 9 + 2 pattern Cilia and Flagella 3.4 Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell