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16 October Define the following: Diffusion – Passive transport – Concentration gradient – Osmosis – Facilitated diffusion – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqsf_UJcfBc http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/C hapter3-Zoo145.htm Study Guide Sections, Pages & Questions 3.2 (pages 23 & 24) 4 – 8, 9 – 15 3.3 (pages 25 & 26) 6 – 9, 11 and 16 3.4 (pages 27 & 28) 1 and 2, 9 – 13 3.5 ( pages 29 & 30) 1,2,3, & 6, 7 and 8 plus the “Y” diagram. KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences. Passive transport does not require energy input from a cell. • Passive transport: the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input from the cell. • There are two types of passive transport. • diffusion • osmosis Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport. • Molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient (from higher concentration to lower concentration). Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport. • Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane. Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer. cell membrane Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer. There are other molecules embedded in the membrane. cell membrane carbohydrate chain cholesterol protein protein channel protein Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer. There are other molecules embedded in the membrane. The fluid mosaic model describes the arrangement of molecules making up the cell membrane. The membrane is flexible like a liquid and has a variety of molecules like the tiles of a mosaic. cell membrane carbohydrate chain cholesterol protein protein channel protein Phospholipids form a double layer surrounding a cell. They’re made of a polar phosphate head and two non-polar fatty acid tails. Other molecules: Cholesterol: strengthens membranes. Proteins: cell identification, signaling, and aid the movement of materials into and out of the cell. Carbohydrates: aid in cell identification. Study Guide Sections, Pages & Questions 3.2 (pages 23 & 24) 4 – 8, 9 – 15 3.3 (pages 25 & 26) 6 – 9, 11 and 16 3.4 (pages 27 & 28) 1 and 2, 9 – 13 3.5 ( pages 29 & 30) 1,2,3, & 6, 7 and 8 plus the “Y” diagram. 21 October Find and write down the three parts of the Cell Theory Cell Facts - http://www.ted.com/talks/david_bolinsky_animates_a_cell.html • There are anywhere from 75 to 100 trillion cells in the body. • There are more bacterial cells in the body than human cells. • Prokaryotes are the most primitive forms of life on earth. • Cells have varying life spans. • Cells commit suicide. • Cells contain structures called functions for the cell. organelles that carry out • Microscopes are required to see cells. • An egg is one cell. • One single cell contains two meters of DNA. • Humans shed and regrow outer skin cells about every 27 days. Early studies led to the development of the cell theory. •The Cell theory has three principles. - All organisms are made of cells. - All existing cells are produced by other living cells. - The cell is the most basic unit of life. Lung cancer cell undergoing cell division The aquatic plant elodea There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus nucleus Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. organelles cell membrane PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE EUKARYOTE Cells have an internal structure. Cells have an internal structure. The cytoskeleton has many functions. Cells have an internal structure. The cytoskeleton has many functions. supports and shapes cell Cells have an internal structure. The cytoskeleton has many functions. supports and shapes cell helps position and transport organelles Cells have an internal structure. The cytoskeleton has many functions. supports and shapes cell helps position and transport organelles provides strength Cells have an internal structure. The cytoskeleton has many functions. supports and shapes cell helps position and transport organelles provides strength assists in cell division Cells have an internal structure. The cytoskeleton has many functions. supports and shapes cell helps position and transport organelles provides strength assists in cell division aids in cell movement Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. The nucleus stores genetic information. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. The nucleus stores genetic information. Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Two types Smooth & Rough Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. The nucleus stores genetic information. Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. The nucleus stores genetic information. Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. rough endoplasmic reticulum Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. The nucleus stores genetic information. Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. (continued) Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins. Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. (continued) Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins. The Golgi apparatus processes, sorts, and ships these proteins. Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold materials. Other organelles have various functions. Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material. Animals only Other organelles have various functions. Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material. Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes. Other organelles have various functions. Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material. Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes. Centrioles help divide DNA. Other organelles have various functions. Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material. Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes. Centrioles help divide DNA. Centrioles form cilia and flagella. Other organelles have various functions. Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. - Plants and animals Other organelles have various functions. Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. Plants only Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. A cell wall provides rigid support. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. A cell wall provides rigid support. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy. 1) How do cell organelles and the cell membrane interact? 2) What roles does the cell membrane preform for organisms? 3) How is the cell membrane constructed? Youtube video titles The Cell Membrane http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7CJ7xZOjm0&safe=active Cell Organelles And Their Function Animation (BOTH 3D AND MICROSCOPIC VIEWS ) http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_937748&feature=iv&src_vid=LP7xA r2FDFU&v=fKEaTt9heNM&safe=active Chapter 6: Cell Membranes and Active and Passive Transport http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqtQfSDEKIM&safe=active PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE 22 October There are four types of microscopes. * dissecting – scanning electron – transmission electron – compound In your lab portion of your notebook, take down the notes from the right side of the board. On the left side of the board make sure you note all the parts of a plant cell Dissecting Microscope – used to closely observe larger objects. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM )– electron beams are used to scan the surface topography of an object. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) – a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through. Chlamydomonas Compound Microscope – used for examining things too small to see with your eyes Diatoms Radiolaria Foraminifera Paramecium 23 October Without opening your books, study guides, or notebook, List What you know about: • • • • • Cell theory Monomers Polymers Properties of Water – know at least 4 Proteins/enzymes What is surface area? Draw an organelle that epitomizes why surface area is important in biological organisms. What is it called? What makes a plant different than an animal plant: cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast What does the Smooth ER do? – develops removed toxins, produces lipids 3 parts of the Cell Theory What is spontaneous generation? What do Cell Membranes do? - facilitates the transport of things inside and outside of the cells – removal of waste. What is the cell membrane made up of? It is made of phospholipids. Types of microscopes What is the purpose of the nucleus? Stores/protects the DNA & RNA What are the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryotic cell? 1) With the development of the earliest microscopes, the fundamental parts of the cell theory began to develop. What does this relationship suggest about the evolution of the cell theory? A. B. C. D. Improvements in technology are closely related to changes in the cell theory. Individual scientists receive recognition for their work in developing the cell theory Progress on the cell theory was delayed by a lack of technological progress. Scientists needed to focus less on cells and more on microscope development. 2) Which of the following best compares the structures found in plant cells and animal cells? A. Animal cells contain cell walls and a large central vacuole while plan cells contain cell membranes and many small vacuoles. B. Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls, or a large central vacuole while plant cells do. C. Plant cells contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and a Golgi apparatus while animal cells contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by lysosomes. D. Plant cells have rigid cell walls and do not contain mitochondria or ribosomes while animal cells do. A O B C D O O O O O O O O What things affect the activities of enzymes?