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Cells
History of the cell
When Robert Hooke viewed a thin cutting of cork he
discovered empty spaces contained by walls, and termed
them pores, or cells. The term cells stuck and Hooke gained
credit for discovering the building blocks of all life.
Robert Hooke (Link)
Cell Theory in Pictures
 Three parts to Cell Theory:
1. Cells are the Building Blocks of Life
= Cells
2. All life processes take place in Cells
3. New cells come from existing cells
= Organism
Two Different Cell types
• Prokaryotic- “simple” cells (ex. Bacteria)
• Eukaryotic- “complex” (complejo) cells
Prokaryotic
• Most living things you are familiar with (including humans)
have eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic 
ANIMAL CELL
 http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
Cells under the Microscope
Cells under the Microscope
Blood Cells
Lung Cells
Brain Cells
Egg Cells
Heart Cells
Sperm Cells
The Nucleus (The Brain of the Cell)
Nucleus- The Control Center of the cell
Functions: directs all cell activities “the Boss,” contains DNA
Descriptions: Generally located in the center of the cell, surrounded by a membrane
Chromosomes- Threadlike material of DNA that contains genes
Gene- Piece of DNA that Contains information about organisms characteristics –
Eye color, height, etc.
So, What is DNA? (Click me to find out)
Cell Membrane
 Description: Protective layer
around all cells.
 If the cell does have a cell
wall the cell membrane is
inside of it.
 Function: Controls what
comes in and out of the cell.
 Water moves freely through
this membrane.
Cytoplasm
 Function: holds the organelles
in place.
 Description: Gel-like
material; the “goop” of the cell
 Cytoskeleton is found in
cytoplasm. Helps cells change
or keep their shapes.
 Organelles are found in the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria
 Description: peanut shaped
in cells
 Function: Energy is stored
and released in the
mitochondria (“Powerhouse” of
cell).
 Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
Endoplasmic Reticulum “ER”
 Endoplasmic reticulum (like
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

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factory conveyor belts)
Function: moves materials from
one part to another in the cell.
Description: folded, or maze-like
that goes from nucleus to cell
membrane.
Smooth type: has no ribosomes
Rough type (pictured): has
ribosomes in surface
Ribosomes
 Function: creates proteins
 Each cell contains thousands
 Description: Found on ER and
floating throughout the cell’s
cytoplasm
Golgi Bodies
 Golgi bodies (like the factory
packing and shipping
department)
 Description: Stacked, flattened
membranes
 Function: Sorts, transports and
packages proteins and other
materials in the cell
 Moves materials within the cell
 Moves materials out of the cell
Lysosomes
 Lysosomes (like the factory
waste management dpartment):
“trash can” of the cell
 Break down and recycle
substances
 Transports undigested material
to cell membrane for removal
 Cell breaks down if lysosome
explodes or ruptures 
Vacoules
 Description: membrane-bound
sacks (the “storage container”
of the cell)
 Function: stores water, food,
and waste products.Help
plants maintain shape- very
large in plants
Chloroplasts (plants only)
 Chloroplasts (like factory solar
energy plants)
 Description: Green and bean
shaped organelles
 Turns energy from the sun (with
CO2 and water) into food
 Function: Contains green
chlorophyll and is where
photosynthesis takes place
Cell Wall(plants only)
 Description: Surrounds a plant cell
 Function: protects the cell and gives it shape.
 Cell membrane is still in plants, but the cell wall is the outer
most layer.
PLANT CELL
 http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
 http://news.discovery.com/videos/earth-frozen-fruit-death.html
What makes a plant cell
different from an animal cell?
Chloroplasts – made from the chemical chlorophyll (C55H72O5N4Mg)
Used for PhotosynthesisMakes food for the plant
Cell Wall- The rigid outermost cell layer found in plants
Bigger Vacuole
Rigid/Defined Shape
LAB TIME- Animal Cell
LAB TIME- Plant Cell
Reflection
 Draw a cell and label at least 5 of the organelles.
 Summarize the three parts to cell theory.
 Compare and contrast the plant cell and the animal cell.
 Point out the importance of why plant cells cannot freeze
 Develop a plan of action to keep your cell healthy.
DNA
 Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, is a nucleic acid that
contains the genetic instructions used in the development
and functioning of all known living organisms.
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