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Transcript
Cell Structure and Function Warm Up (10-10-14) Explain everything you know about microscopes Outline • Objectives • Microscope Lab Objectives • To introduce microscopes and how to measure cell structures using the microscopes Warm Up (10-20-14) Describe the purpose of the microscope lab to your neighbor and what you were able to see using the microscopes. (Be Specific!!) Outline • Objectives • Cell Theory Objectives • To explain cell theory and how it applies to our lives Warm Up (10-21-14) Explain to your neighbor why you think plants and animals have different cell structures. Think about what you know about the functions of plants and animals Outline • Objectives • Plant Versus Animal Cells • Cell Organelles Objectives • To determine the differences between plant and animal cells • To discover the structure and function of cellular organelles. Discovery of Cells • Robert Hooke – 1665 – examined thin slices of cork – Tiny, Hollow compartments – Reminded him of rooms in a monastery: Cells – Cells were dead, he only saw cell walls and empty space Discovery of Cells • Anton vanLeeuwenhoek – Dutch tradesman – Studying methods to construct lenses – Created single-lens microscope • Allowed him to observe cells – 1674 became one of the first people to describe living cells • Observed single-celled organisms swimming in pond water • “Animalcules” Cell Theory • Matthias Schleiden – plant tissue, 1838 proposed that plants are made of cells • Schleiden shared his results with Schwann • Theodor Schwann – noticed similarities between plant and animal cells and proposed that animals are made of cells, – 1839 – he published that all living things are made of cells and cell products Cell Theory • Rudolf Virchow – 1855 – revised Schwann’s previous conclusion and stated that all cells come from preexisting cells • Cell Theory: 1. All organisms are made of cells 2. All existing cells are produced by other living cells 3. The cell is the most basic unit of life Your turn! • In your notes, under where you wrote the three major principles of Cell Theory, explain what each of those principles means in your own words. Differences Between Cells • Prokaryotic – Lack nucleus – Lack membranebound organelles – DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm – Microscopic, singlecelled organisms • Eukaryotic – Have true nucleus – Have membranebound organelles – DNA is enclosed by nucleus – single-cellular or multi-cellular organisms Cellular Organelles • Cells have internal structure – Specialized structures able to perform distinct processes within a cell • Think about it!! – Why do we have specific organs? – What do they do? Organelles • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cytoskeleton Cell Membrane Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Nucleolus Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Vesicles Mitochondria Vacuole Lysosomes (animal cells only) Centrioles (animal cells only) Cell Wall (plant cells only) Chloroplasts (plant cells only) Think Like a Scientist… • How would you go about identifying cells as either plant or animal cells? Think about what you learned from the microscope lab. • You must, think like a scientist. This means you must follow the steps given to you! • AKA the scientific method!! Cell Structure p.74 • Animal vs. Plant Cell Membrane • Fluid Mosaic Model – Flexible – Variety of molecules that it is composed of • Permeability – What can pass through the membrane • Receptors – Bind ligands (specific like enzymes and substrates) – Intracellular or membrane receptors – Receive chemical signals Warm Up (10-22-14) Answer to your neighbor… What are some of the cell organelles that you saw in the lab? What do you think is an important general thing to notice about plant and animal cells? Outline • Objectives • Cell organelle discussion • Cell Organelle notes Objectives • To discuss cell organelles and to determine the differences between plant and animal cells Organelles (Structures) Warm Up (10-23-14) Congrats, you made it through the week! You don’t have a warm up today… you’re welcome! However, please come in and sit quietly so that we can get started right away… we have a TON of stuff to do! Warm Up (10-27-14) Grab a warm up sheet off of the front table and answer the following questions please What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells do not have? What is the purpose of having different structures for different types of cells? Outline • Objectives • Cell organelle discussion • Cell organelle construction Objectives • To construct scale models of cellular organelles to determine and demonstrate how structure relates to function Warm Up (10-28-14) Explain your process for planning the construction of your organelle. Outline • Objectives • Cell organelle discussion • Cell organelle construction Objectives • To construct scale models of cellular organelles to determine and demonstrate how structure relates to function Warm Up (10-29-14) What are some of the challenges you are facing while constructing your organelle? How do you plan to overcome those obstacles? Outline • Objectives • Cell organelle discussion • Cell organelle construction Objectives • To construct scale models of cellular organelles to determine and demonstrate how structure relates to function Warm Up (10-30-14) What do you think is the best part about this project? How do you think you would do this project differently if you had the opportunity to work on it by yourself? Outline • Objectives • Cell organelle discussion • Cell organelle construction Objectives • To construct scale models of cellular organelles to determine and demonstrate how structure relates to function Warm Up (10-31-14) How do you think I could improve this project in the future? What are some suggestions and constructive criticism that you can offer to me? Outline • Objectives • Cell organelle discussion • Cell organelle construction Objectives • To construct scale models of cellular organelles to determine and demonstrate how structure relates to function Warm Up (11-3-14) Explain what you learned about your organelle throughout this project. Be specific please Outline • Objectives • Cell organelle presentations Objectives • To present scale models of cellular organelles to determine and demonstrate how structure relates to function by presenting our projects Warm Up (11-4-14) Explain something you learned from the presentation on the organelles yesterday. Which presentation did you enjoy the most and why? Outline • Objectives • Cell organelle presentations Objectives • To present scale models of cellular organelles to determine and demonstrate how structure relates to function by presenting our projects Warm Up (11-5-14) Explain what the terms passive and active mean. Now apply those definitions you came up with to the terms active transport and passive transport Outline • Objectives • Cell notes Objectives • To gain background knowledge about cellular function and how structures help carry out those functions Movement within a cell • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_zD3NxS sD8 Warm Up (11-6-14) Think about the meanings of the prefixes “endo” and “exo” Now apply that knowledge and Explain what you think the terms Endocytosis and Exocytosis mean. Outline • Objectives • Cell notes • Cell Membrane Model Objectives • To present scale models of cellular organelles to determine and demonstrate how structure relates to function by presenting our projects Cell Membrane • Plasma Membrane • Boundary between the cell and the outside environment • Controls passage of materials into and out of the cell • Double layer of phospholipids and variety of other molecules Phospholipids • Molecule composed of 3 parts – Charged phosphate group – Glycerol – Two fatty acid chains • Two regions: head and tail – Head: phosphate and glycerol – Tail: fatty acid chains • Polar because of its charge, can form H bonds with water • Nonpolar can’t form H bonds, nonpolar tails are attracted to each other and repelled by water Cell Membrane • Cholesterol molecules provide strength • Proteins: some extend through the membrane and help materials cross the cell, others help with structure • Carbohydrates: if they are attached to membrane proteins they help with identification, help cells distinguish which type they are Cell Transport 1. Active Transport: Requires ATP (energy) 2. Passive Transport: Doesn’t require ATP (energy) • Concentration Gradient: the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another – Molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration – If high concentration of dissolved particles in a solution, there is a lower concentration of water Description of Solutions 1. Isotonic A solution is isotonic to a cell if the solution has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell 2. Hypertonic A solution is hypertonic if the solution has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell 3. Hypotonic A solution is hypotonic if the solution has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell • Diffusion – Movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration • Facilitated Diffusion: diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins • Osmosis – Diffusion of Water across semipermeable membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration • Also has to deal with water potential Water Potential • ᴪ (Psi) = ᴪs + ᴪ p • Made of pressure potential and solute potential – Pressure potential: how much water the cell already has – Solute potential: how much solute is dissolved • This influences pressure potential – Water flows from areas of high water potential to low water potential Think Like a Scientist! • What kind of mechanisms and adaptations do cells have to survive in a variety of conditions. – For example, some animals and single-celled organisms can survive in hypotonic environments. • Explain how this is possible. Warm Up (11-7-14) What did you learn about the Cell Membrane from the cell membrane notes? How are exocytosis and endocytosis related to the cell membrane? Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab Prep Objectives • To prepare for the lab investigating biological membranes Bill Nye • Cells! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rxq0Kqw3 27s Warm Up (11-10-14) How do you think biological membranes will behave when exposed to different solutions? Come up with an example of a situation where a membrane was exposed to a certain solution, and what you think the effect on the membrane would be. Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab Prep Objectives • To prepare for the lab investigating biological membranes Active Transport • Movement against the concentration gradient, in other words, movement of the molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration • Endocytosis: taking liquids or large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane – Phagocytosis- cell eating, engulfing large particles – Pinocytosis- cell drinking, small particles and liquids • Exocytosis: opposite of endocytosis, removing liquids or large molecules from the cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane Endocytosis Exocytosis Lab Prep Warm Up (11-11-14) What is the purpose of the biological membranes lab? Get out your lab notebooks and write a hypothesis of what you think will happen in this lab. Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes Active Transport • Movement against the concentration gradient, in other words, movement of the molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration • Endocytosis: taking liquids or large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane – Phagocytosis- cell eating, engulfing large particles – Pinocytosis- cell drinking, small particles and liquids • Exocytosis: opposite of endocytosis, removing liquids or large molecules from the cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane Endocytosis Exocytosis Warm Up (11-12-14) What was one interesting thing you learned from reading the background information on the lab? Why do you think it is important to understand how biological membranes work? Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes Warm Up (11-13-14) *** Go set up your lab station.. Labquest, laptop, open the correct file, connect the sensor to the labquest*** Make a prediction about what you think would happen if you exposed the same biological membrane to different substances. For example, you have 2 beakers full of different pH solutions. One is very acidic and one is very basic. What would happen if you took the biological membrane out of one beaker and put it directly into the other beaker? Your group can’t go to the lab until each member has finished your warmup… get to work, you MUST finish osmotic pressure today. Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes Warm Up (11-14-14) ***Go set up the lab stations*** What are some areas in this lab that we could improve our results? Think about experimental design and our methods. What could we change in order to have a better experiment with better experimental design? ***your group can’t go into the lab until everyone is done with the warm up. You MUST finish the detergent experiment today*** Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes Warm Up (11-17-14) ***Go get the lab set up*** What is the most interesting thing you are seeing in your results so far? Be specific!! **same thing as last week… you all need to finish you warm ups before you’re allowed in the lab** Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes Warm Up (11-18-14) *** get the labs set up *** How do you think alcohol will affect cell membranes?? Be specific and explain why you think this will happen **Can’t go in the lab until your warm up is done*** Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab • Effect of alcohol on biological membranes Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of alcohol on biological membranes Warm Up (11-19-14) **Get the labs set up please. You just need the computers on and a file open from one of the previous parts of the experiment that we did** Explain some of your results from yesterday and what you can conclude from those results. Do you think testing a different kind of alcohol will have an effect on how the membrane behaves? **Can’t go in the lab until your warm up is done** Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab • Effect of alcohol on biological membranes Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of alcohol on biological membranes Warm Up (11-20-14) Think of some ways that cells and cell membranes have adapted to their environments in order to survive. (Use the information from the lab. Think about the different things that we are testing in the lab. How do these things influences cells? Do the cells have counter measures to protect against these variables?) Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab • Effect of alcohol on biological membranes Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of alcohol on biological membranes Warm Up (11-21-14) Explain some of the procedures in this lab that produced errors. (What are some areas where you might have messed up a little, causing the results to appear differently than expected) In other words, what are some areas that your group could have improved on experimental design in order to produce a result closer to the expected norms Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab • Effect of alcohol on biological membranes Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of alcohol on biological membranes Warm Up (11-24-14) In your composition notebook… Make a conclusion for your experiment. Write it at the end of your 5 parts of your biological membranes lab. Use scientific explanations as to why you saw the results that you did If you have written one already, discuss it with your neighbor Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab • Effect of alcohol on biological membranes Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of alcohol on biological membranes Warm Up (11-25-14) Share some of the things that you have learned so far during this chapter. Be specific as to what you noticed during the labs and whether or not the labs showed results that you thought they would based on previous knowledge. Outline • Objectives • Biological Membrane Lab • Effect of alcohol on biological membranes Objectives • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of various solutions on those membranes • To investigate biological membranes and the effect of alcohol on biological membranes Warm Up (12-1-14) What are some things you remember about cellular transport. (be specific) Do you think all molecules are able to pass through a cell membrane? (why or why not, and be specific. Don’t just say “no, because…”) Outline • Objectives • Review Cell Transport • Cell Transport Demo Objectives • To review cell transport and to apply that knowledge to cellular membranes • To prepare for the diffusion through membranes lab Cell Transport Review • What do you remember about cell transport? • What is phagocytosis? Pinocytosis? • Endocytosis? Exocytosis? – Draw me a picture… • Diffusion? Osmosis? • Concentration Gradients? Cell Transport Demo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF3JR97v mew • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSS3EtKAz Yc • Strainer Transport Demo • Egg Demo? Warm Up (12-2-14) How can you apply the concept of cellular transport to determine what will happen to a cell in different types of solution? Think about hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic and what would happen to the cell when placed in each of those solutions Outline • Objectives • Diffusion through membranes lab prep • Lab Notebook Setup Objectives • To prepare for the lab determining what will happen during osmosis in biological membranes Diffusion through Membranes Warm Up (12-3-14) What are some assumptions you can make about this lab? What are some things you might have to be very careful to do when performing this lab? One person from your group… go get the lab set up…. Log into the computer, open the correct file, get the labquest connected to the sensor and the computer, get your materials set up like in figure 1 Outline • Objectives • Diffusion through membranes lab Objectives • To conduct the diffusion through membranes lab to determine how solutes and water move when a concentration gradient is present. Warm Up (12-4-14) What are some areas of experimental design that could be improved upon in this lab? Think about any inconsistencies that you are finding in your data and how we might go about explaining those and correcting them in future experiments. Outline • Objectives • Diffusion through membranes lab Objectives • To conduct the diffusion through membranes lab to determine how solutes and water move when a concentration gradient is present. Warm Up (12-5-14) What are some things that you would suggest to future scientists when conducting this lab? Think about what things you are finding challenging to complete and give suggestions to future scientists about how they should adjust to make those complications less challenging. Outline • Objectives • Diffusion through membranes lab Objectives • To conduct the diffusion through membranes lab to determine how solutes and water move when a concentration gradient is present. Warm Up (12-8-14) Explain some of your results so far. Explain how you got those results (if there are unexpected results, try to explain those). If you don’t have unexpected results, try to explain what your results mean in terms of diffusion rates. Outline • Objectives • Diffusion through membranes lab Objectives • To conduct the diffusion through membranes lab to determine how solutes and water move when a concentration gradient is present. Warm Up (12-9-14) Explain two different ways how this lab relates to cell transport. Be specific. Outline • Objectives • Diffusion through membranes lab Objectives • To conduct the diffusion through membranes lab to determine how solutes and water move when a concentration gradient is present. Warm Up (12-10-14) How does diffusion differ from osmosis? Why does there have to be a separate definition for the diffusion of water (osmosis)? Outline • Objectives • Diffusion through membranes lab Objectives • To conduct the diffusion through membranes lab to determine how solutes and water move when a concentration gradient is present. Warm Up (12-11-14) Explain which organelles are involved in cellular transport and how they are involved. Please be specific. Outline • Objectives • Diffusion through membranes lab analysis Objectives • To conduct the diffusion through membranes lab to determine how solutes and water move when a concentration gradient is present. • To analyze the results from the diffusion through membranes lab and explain how that relates to diffusion and cell transport. Warm Up (12-12-14) Explain how the specific functions of organelles helps determine how a cell survives. Think about what activities are necessary for the cell to carry out in order for it to survive. Outline • Objectives • Diffusion through membranes lab analysis Objectives • To conduct the diffusion through membranes lab to determine how solutes and water move when a concentration gradient is present. • To analyze the results from the diffusion through membranes lab and explain how that relates to diffusion and cell transport. Warm Up (12-15-14) What are some things about this chapter that you are still confused on? Think about cell transport, cellular organelles, cellular functions, osmosis, diffusion, passive and active transport. Outline • • • • Objectives Diffusion through membranes lab analysis Review for test Study guide work time Objectives • To conduct the diffusion through membranes lab to determine how solutes and water move when a concentration gradient is present. • To analyze the results from the diffusion through membranes lab and explain how that relates to diffusion and cell transport. Warm Up (12-16-14) Write down everything you remember from this chapter. Please be specific. Think about cell transport, cellular organelles, cellular functions, osmosis, diffusion, passive and active transport. If you need to use your notes, you can do that. Outline • • • • Objectives Diffusion through membranes lab analysis Review for test Study guide work time Objectives • To conduct the diffusion through membranes lab to determine how solutes and water move when a concentration gradient is present. • To analyze the results from the diffusion through membranes lab and explain how that relates to diffusion and cell transport. • To review this chapter to prepare for the semester test.