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The Cell
The basic unit of all living things
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Cell Organization Levels /Units
The Cell Theory
• The cell is the unit of Structure of all living
things.
• The cell is the unit of Function of all living
things.
• All cells come from Pre-existing cells.
***EXCEPTIONS…
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Two Major Cell Types
Prokaryotic cells –
(Streptococcus,
E.coli, etc.)
NO NUCLEUS
Eukaryotic cells.
These include:
plants, animals,
fungi, protists
HAVE A NUCLEUS
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ANIMAL CELL
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PLANT CELL
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CELL MEMBRANE
CELL MEMBRANE: All cells are covered by a cell
membrane; it regulates what comes in and goes
out of the cell .
Also Called the PLASMA MEMBRANE
Found in both plant and animal cells
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Cell Membrane AKA Plasma Membrane
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CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm – jelly like substance
that fills cells; made of mostly
water; holds the organelles
Found in plant and animal cells
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NUCLEUS
Nucleus – contains the cell’s DNA
and is the control center of the
cell
Found in both plant and animal
cells.
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RIBOSOME
Ribosome – the site where amino acids are
hooked together to make proteins
This is the site of Protein Synthesis
Found in both
plant and animal
cells
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ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
-found
in both plants and
animals
• System of Channels that transport materials in a
cell.
Chemical reactions take place on the surface of ER
• Two types:
1. Rough-with ribosomes on them (RER)
2. Smooth- no ribosomes on them (SER)
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GOLGI BODIES
Responsible for
labeling, sorting and
packaging chemicals
(proteins) and
secreting (releasing)
them from the cell
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VACUOLES
Vacuoles –
store water and other materials
Found in both plant and animal cells
Plants have very large vacuoles. Animals
have small vacuoles
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Food Vacuole
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Lysosomes – digest…
•food particles
•wastes
•cell parts
•foreign invaders
•They have such powerful enzymes they can
destroy a whole cell.
Example: Tadpole’s tail.
Found in animal cells
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Mitochondria – Makes Energy for Cell .
Energy is also called ATP
Site of Cellular Respiration
It takes in oxygen and glucose and releases
Carbon dioxide , water and ATP
Found in both plant and animal cells.
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Some Organelles are only
found in Plant Cells
•Do you know which ones?
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1. CELL WALL
Cell Wall – the cell wall gives
structure and support to the cell
membrane.
Only found in plant cells
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2. CHLOROPLASTS
Chloroplasts. - the organelle responsible for
photosynthesis which uses the sun to make
glucose(sugar).
Chloroplasts are green due to a pigment
called chlorophyll.
Only found in plant cells
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There is one organelle found
only in Animal Cells….
• Can you name it?
The Centrioles
These are necessary for
animal cell division.
Plants manage without them.
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COMPARISON OF
ORGANELLES TO ORGAN
SYSTEMS
ORGANELLE
ORGAN
NUCLEUS
BRAIN
CELL
MEMBRANE
LYSOSOME
LUNGS
CELL
MEMBRANE
STOMACH
KIDNEY
ORGAN
SYSTEM
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
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LINKING HOW ORGANELLES
WORK TOGETHER…
• LYSOSOME & CELL MEMEBRANE…
• AFTER A LYSOSOME DIGESTS OLD
ORGANELLES THE CELL MEMBRANE RELEASES
THEM OUT OF THE CELL
• GOLGI BODY & LYSOSOME…
• THE GOLGI BODY PRODUCES LYSOSOMES
WHICH ARE USED TO DIGEST BACTERIA
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LINKING HOW ORGANELLES
WORK TOGETHER…
• NUCLEUS & RIBOSOMES…
• NUCLEUS CONTROLS THE RATE OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS BY RIBOSOMES
• CELL MEMEBRANE & MITOCHONDRIA…
• CELL MEMBRANE REGULATES THE PASSAGE OF
OXYGEN INTO THE CELL TO BE USED BY
MITOCHONDRIA
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WRAP UP
1.
HEREDITARY INFORMATION IS
STORED INSIDE THE:
A. RIBOSOMES
B. NUCLEUS
C. MITOCHONDRIA
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WRAP UP
2. DIAGRAM TO THE
RIGHT REPRESENTS:
A. A CHLOROPLAST
CARRYING OUT
RESPIRATION
B. A LYSOSOME
CARRYING OUT
PHAGOCYTOSIS
C. A
MITOCHONDRIA
CARRYING OUT
RESPIRATION
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WRAP UP
3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION FOR
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE
HUMAN BODY FROM LEAST COMPLEX TO
MOST COMPLEX ARE:
A. CELLS-->TISSUES-->ORGANS->SYSTEMS
B. SYSTEMS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES->CELLS
C. CELLS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES->SYSTEMS
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WRAP UP
4. STUDIES OF FAT CELLS AND THYROID
CELLS SHOW THAT FAT CELLS HAVE
FEWER MITOCHONDRIA THAN
THYROID CELLS. A BIOLOGIST
WOULD MOST LIKELY INFER THAT
FAT TISSUE:
A. HAS ENERGY REQIREMENTS
EQUAL TO THOSE OF THYROID
TISSUE
B. REQUIRES LESS ENERGY THAN
THYROID TISSUE
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C. REQUIRES MORE ENERGY THAN
THYROID TISSUE