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Operant Conditioning Terms Thorndike’s Law of Effect – behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely; behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely Skinner Box – a chamber containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; devices are attached to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing Shaping – an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal Primary Reinforcer – an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need Secondary Reinforcer – a conditioned reinforcer, a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer Cognitive Map – a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment Latent learning – learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Overjustification Effect – the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do