NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... stimuli have become innately hardwired over our evolutionary history to induce fear (e.g. loud noises, darkness). However, fear can also be rapidly associated with neutral stimuli, thereby permitting animals to adapt to an ever changing environment (Domjan, 2005; Kim & Jung, 2006; LeDoux, 2003). Thi ...
... stimuli have become innately hardwired over our evolutionary history to induce fear (e.g. loud noises, darkness). However, fear can also be rapidly associated with neutral stimuli, thereby permitting animals to adapt to an ever changing environment (Domjan, 2005; Kim & Jung, 2006; LeDoux, 2003). Thi ...
Fear Conditioning and Reconsolidation
... this project. Thank you Dr. Winecoff, for being such a great source of motivation! I attribute my interest in clinical psychology to my mentor and guide, Dr. Richard Gordon. I am privileged to have been his student, and am so thankful for our long and engaging conversations about clinical psychology ...
... this project. Thank you Dr. Winecoff, for being such a great source of motivation! I attribute my interest in clinical psychology to my mentor and guide, Dr. Richard Gordon. I am privileged to have been his student, and am so thankful for our long and engaging conversations about clinical psychology ...
SOP #11 Acoustic Startle and Pre
... conditions appropriate for other sensitive behavioral measures, including constant ambient temperature and a regular circadian lighting pattern. Startle is best measured in the dark phase of a rat’s circadian cycle, when it is most robust and least variable; effects of circadian cycle on startle pla ...
... conditions appropriate for other sensitive behavioral measures, including constant ambient temperature and a regular circadian lighting pattern. Startle is best measured in the dark phase of a rat’s circadian cycle, when it is most robust and least variable; effects of circadian cycle on startle pla ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... pathways, specifically within the VTA, have provided insights into how nicotine might modify signalling through DA and non-DA VTA systems. The VTA and its input and output pathways. The mammalian VTA is a midbrain region that has been implicated in the rewarding motivational effects of a wide variet ...
... pathways, specifically within the VTA, have provided insights into how nicotine might modify signalling through DA and non-DA VTA systems. The VTA and its input and output pathways. The mammalian VTA is a midbrain region that has been implicated in the rewarding motivational effects of a wide variet ...
Fear Models in Animals and Humans
... influences fear expression via its CE projections. Discrimination conditioning paradigms are often used in human fear research. In these paradigms, two conditioned stimuli are presented. These may be auditory tones or more typically, neutral visual stimuli such as colored shapes. Some studies use vi ...
... influences fear expression via its CE projections. Discrimination conditioning paradigms are often used in human fear research. In these paradigms, two conditioned stimuli are presented. These may be auditory tones or more typically, neutral visual stimuli such as colored shapes. Some studies use vi ...
Neural Mechanisms of Extinction Learning and Retrieval
... per day, it was not possible to distinguish impairments in acquisition vs consolidation. When a massed extinction training design was used, it was observed that systemic NMDAr blockade (with CPP, (±)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid) before extinction training did not prevent acqu ...
... per day, it was not possible to distinguish impairments in acquisition vs consolidation. When a massed extinction training design was used, it was observed that systemic NMDAr blockade (with CPP, (±)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid) before extinction training did not prevent acqu ...
Ch 12 Anxiety
... organism to greater activity but does not affect the anxiety. In contrast, Brady used a tranquilizer, reserpine, which is commonly administered to psychotics, particularly when they are in an agitated condition. In this instance, there was a 50 per cent reduction in the overall response rate compare ...
... organism to greater activity but does not affect the anxiety. In contrast, Brady used a tranquilizer, reserpine, which is commonly administered to psychotics, particularly when they are in an agitated condition. In this instance, there was a 50 per cent reduction in the overall response rate compare ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... Disease Research Program (Grant 10RT-0136 to J.B.), and University of California, Los Angeles Stein Oppenheimer Endowment Award (J.B.). We thank Tetyana Aleksenko for excellent technical support. *R. Salas and R. Sturm contributed equally to this work. Correspondence should be addressed to Mariella ...
... Disease Research Program (Grant 10RT-0136 to J.B.), and University of California, Los Angeles Stein Oppenheimer Endowment Award (J.B.). We thank Tetyana Aleksenko for excellent technical support. *R. Salas and R. Sturm contributed equally to this work. Correspondence should be addressed to Mariella ...
Interactions between amygdala central nucleus and the ventral
... These descriptions of the data are supported statistically. A lesion · contingency (reinforced or nonreinforced cue) · two-session block anova of ORs showed significant main effects of lesion (F1,25 = 6.68, P < 0.002), contingency (F1,25 = 51.13, P < 0.001) and session (F7,175 = 5.41, P < 0.001) bloc ...
... These descriptions of the data are supported statistically. A lesion · contingency (reinforced or nonreinforced cue) · two-session block anova of ORs showed significant main effects of lesion (F1,25 = 6.68, P < 0.002), contingency (F1,25 = 51.13, P < 0.001) and session (F7,175 = 5.41, P < 0.001) bloc ...
DOPAMINERGIC AUGMENTATION of HUMAN FEAR EXTINCTION
... An unconditioned stimulus (US, the food) evokes an unconditioned response (UR, salivation). After a few pairings of a neutral stimulus (the bell) with the US, the neutral stimulus evokes a response that prepares the organism for the US. Through these pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes the condit ...
... An unconditioned stimulus (US, the food) evokes an unconditioned response (UR, salivation). After a few pairings of a neutral stimulus (the bell) with the US, the neutral stimulus evokes a response that prepares the organism for the US. Through these pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes the condit ...
- CUNY Academic Works
... primary rewards acquire the ability to act as conditioned stimuli (CSs), which can elicit conditioned approach behaviors similar to the primary rewards with which they are associated. Involved in this type of learning is the brain’s reward system, the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system, which or ...
... primary rewards acquire the ability to act as conditioned stimuli (CSs), which can elicit conditioned approach behaviors similar to the primary rewards with which they are associated. Involved in this type of learning is the brain’s reward system, the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system, which or ...
PDF - Bentham Open
... to participants with high trait anxiety during cued fear conditioning [34]. In contrast, individuals with high trait anxiety showed a diminished vmPFC response that was associated with greater fear conditioned SCRs compared to participants with low trait anxiety [34]. Further, our prior work has dem ...
... to participants with high trait anxiety during cued fear conditioning [34]. In contrast, individuals with high trait anxiety showed a diminished vmPFC response that was associated with greater fear conditioned SCRs compared to participants with low trait anxiety [34]. Further, our prior work has dem ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... Present Address: Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329. ...
... Present Address: Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329. ...
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
... complicate the picture of cortisol effects on extinction. These phases depict different memory stages (encoding, consolidation, retrieval), on which stress hormones can exert opposing effects (Wolf, 2009; Schwabe et al., 2010). In particular, neuroimaging studies on the direct impact of cortisol on ...
... complicate the picture of cortisol effects on extinction. These phases depict different memory stages (encoding, consolidation, retrieval), on which stress hormones can exert opposing effects (Wolf, 2009; Schwabe et al., 2010). In particular, neuroimaging studies on the direct impact of cortisol on ...
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
... complicate the picture of cortisol effects on extinction. These phases depict different memory stages (encoding, consolidation, retrieval), on which stress hormones can exert opposing effects (Wolf, 2009; Schwabe et al., 2010). In particular, neuroimaging studies on the direct impact of cortisol on ...
... complicate the picture of cortisol effects on extinction. These phases depict different memory stages (encoding, consolidation, retrieval), on which stress hormones can exert opposing effects (Wolf, 2009; Schwabe et al., 2010). In particular, neuroimaging studies on the direct impact of cortisol on ...
Persistent vulnerability to relapse despite complete extinction of
... not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
... not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
... correctly describes the effect of hippocampal lesions on acquisition of delay conditioning, extinction, latent inhibition, generalization, blocking, overshadowing, discrimination reversal, and sensory preconditioning. However, the S-P-H model has difficulty describing the effect of hippocampal lesio ...
... correctly describes the effect of hippocampal lesions on acquisition of delay conditioning, extinction, latent inhibition, generalization, blocking, overshadowing, discrimination reversal, and sensory preconditioning. However, the S-P-H model has difficulty describing the effect of hippocampal lesio ...
Reward loss and addiction: Opportunities for cross
... psychobiology of drug addiction, and as a strategy to improve prevention and treatment (Ahmed, 2012). The present review highlights the psychobiological mechanisms and potential applications of reward loss paradigms, an underutilized but promising research area for the comprehensive study of some of ...
... psychobiology of drug addiction, and as a strategy to improve prevention and treatment (Ahmed, 2012). The present review highlights the psychobiological mechanisms and potential applications of reward loss paradigms, an underutilized but promising research area for the comprehensive study of some of ...
Viral restoration of dopamine signaling to the dorsal striatum
... for dopamine in reward-related associative learning; these findings are formalized in the associative learning hypothesis (Hollerman and Schultz 1998; Ljungberg et al. 1992; Schultz 1998, 2002). Specifically, Schultz and colleagues showed that, in untrained monkeys, random and unexpected presentatio ...
... for dopamine in reward-related associative learning; these findings are formalized in the associative learning hypothesis (Hollerman and Schultz 1998; Ljungberg et al. 1992; Schultz 1998, 2002). Specifically, Schultz and colleagues showed that, in untrained monkeys, random and unexpected presentatio ...
REWARD LEARNING: Reinforcement
... between a neuron carrying "stimulus" to a neuron generating "response." Complicate this circuit further with millions of additional neurons, as reallife brains certainly do, there still appeared no need for more than the three basic functions. For example, many of the basic features of stimulusrespo ...
... between a neuron carrying "stimulus" to a neuron generating "response." Complicate this circuit further with millions of additional neurons, as reallife brains certainly do, there still appeared no need for more than the three basic functions. For example, many of the basic features of stimulusrespo ...
Experimental heart failure causes depression
... Methods and Results: In order to assess depression-like behavior, anhedonia was investigated by repeatedly testing sucrose preference for 8 weeks after coronary artery ligation or sham operation. Mice with large MI and increased left ventricular dimensions on echocardiography (termed CHF mice) showe ...
... Methods and Results: In order to assess depression-like behavior, anhedonia was investigated by repeatedly testing sucrose preference for 8 weeks after coronary artery ligation or sham operation. Mice with large MI and increased left ventricular dimensions on echocardiography (termed CHF mice) showe ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... what features of conditioning are being encoded in the cerebellar cortex in this basic form of associative learning and memory. © 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ...
... what features of conditioning are being encoded in the cerebellar cortex in this basic form of associative learning and memory. © 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ...
Eyeblink Conditioning During an Interstimulus Interval Switch in
... England). For each session, individual trials were extracted from the continuous EMG feed beginning 500 ms before CS onset and continuing for a total of 2,000 ms. All EMG activity was amplified, rectified, and stored for subsequent offline analysis. The data were analyzed with custom software. For e ...
... England). For each session, individual trials were extracted from the continuous EMG feed beginning 500 ms before CS onset and continuing for a total of 2,000 ms. All EMG activity was amplified, rectified, and stored for subsequent offline analysis. The data were analyzed with custom software. For e ...
the amygdala and reward
... general, but they do indicate that its involvement is much more selective than was previously believed. The crux of the problem is that stimulus–reward learning is far from a unitary process, and neither reinforcement nor reward is an uncomplicated concept. Naturally occurring rewards include food, ...
... general, but they do indicate that its involvement is much more selective than was previously believed. The crux of the problem is that stimulus–reward learning is far from a unitary process, and neither reinforcement nor reward is an uncomplicated concept. Naturally occurring rewards include food, ...
THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD
... general, but they do indicate that its involvement is much more selective than was previously believed. The crux of the problem is that stimulus–reward learning is far from a unitary process, and neither reinforcement nor reward is an uncomplicated concept. Naturally occurring rewards include food, ...
... general, but they do indicate that its involvement is much more selective than was previously believed. The crux of the problem is that stimulus–reward learning is far from a unitary process, and neither reinforcement nor reward is an uncomplicated concept. Naturally occurring rewards include food, ...
Conditioned place preference
Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a form of Pavlovian conditioning used to measure the motivational effects of objects or experiences. This paradigm can also be used to measure conditioned place aversion with an identical procedure involving aversive stimuli instead. Both procedures usually involve mice or rats as subjects. This procedure can be used to measure extinction and reinstatement of the conditioned stimulus. Certain drugs are used in this paradigm to measure their reinforcing properties. Two different methods are used to choose the compartments to be conditioned, and these are biased vs. unbiased. The biased method allows the animal to explore the apparatus, and the compartment they least prefer is the one that the drug is administered in and the one they most prefer is the one where the vehicle is injected. This method allows the animal to choose the compartment they get the drug and vehicle in. In comparison, the unbiased method does not allow the animal to choose what compartment they get the drug and vehicle in and instead the researcher chooses the compartments.Humans have also been shown to develop conditioned place preferences; for example, individuals taking therapeutic doses of amphetamine develop a CPP for where they consumed the drug.