DanielBearMCB105 Research Proposal
... rivaling images is more emotional or natural than the other, such as a fearful or rightside-up face versus a neutral or upside-down face, the more “significant” one predominates (7). These studies may be confounded by the physical nature of the images, however, since the two faces might not have the ...
... rivaling images is more emotional or natural than the other, such as a fearful or rightside-up face versus a neutral or upside-down face, the more “significant” one predominates (7). These studies may be confounded by the physical nature of the images, however, since the two faces might not have the ...
Prefrontal cortex damage abolishes brand-cued
... and BDC groups (see Results section). Such a result would not be expected if the VMPC subjects had severe anosmia/ ageusia and this finding allows a straightforward interpretation of the Semi-blind test results. Patients were selected from the Patient Registry of the Division of Cognitive Neuroscien ...
... and BDC groups (see Results section). Such a result would not be expected if the VMPC subjects had severe anosmia/ ageusia and this finding allows a straightforward interpretation of the Semi-blind test results. Patients were selected from the Patient Registry of the Division of Cognitive Neuroscien ...
Extinction
... • Even if a therapeutic intervention successfully results in extinction of a response, the original response may return if the person or animal encounters contexts that are highly similar to the original learning! ...
... • Even if a therapeutic intervention successfully results in extinction of a response, the original response may return if the person or animal encounters contexts that are highly similar to the original learning! ...
The Role of Dopamine in Locomotor ... 173
... have been implicated in locomotor activity but their role remains equivoca1. Thus, it has been reported that bilateral 6-ONDA lesions of the origin of these neurons, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) results in no change in locomotion, decreased locomotion and others have reported an ~~c~e~e~3,1~.1~. ...
... have been implicated in locomotor activity but their role remains equivoca1. Thus, it has been reported that bilateral 6-ONDA lesions of the origin of these neurons, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) results in no change in locomotion, decreased locomotion and others have reported an ~~c~e~e~3,1~.1~. ...
Role of Nitric Oxide on Dopamine Release and Morphine
... of opioids, which gradually decreases the effects of opioids (Erfani, Sahraei, & Meftahi, 2015; Yamada, 2008). Tolerance to the rewarding effects of opioids, which is called motivational tolerance, is the main reason for the increased use of these drugs. The potential factor(s) that generated opioid ...
... of opioids, which gradually decreases the effects of opioids (Erfani, Sahraei, & Meftahi, 2015; Yamada, 2008). Tolerance to the rewarding effects of opioids, which is called motivational tolerance, is the main reason for the increased use of these drugs. The potential factor(s) that generated opioid ...
Neuroscience of Addiction Review
... neurons also fires to sensory stimuli (sounds or lights) that have been experimentally paired with cocaine delivery. Nucleus accumbens neurons may therefore mediate conditioned drug responses (Carelli and Deadwyler, 1996). Similarly, conditioned sensory stimuli are strong elicitors of “craving” in c ...
... neurons also fires to sensory stimuli (sounds or lights) that have been experimentally paired with cocaine delivery. Nucleus accumbens neurons may therefore mediate conditioned drug responses (Carelli and Deadwyler, 1996). Similarly, conditioned sensory stimuli are strong elicitors of “craving” in c ...
The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice
... studies have blurred the linkage between positive and negative emotional valence in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, and they have revealed a neuronal circuit consisting of glutamatergic interconnections among the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex and dopaminergic afferents to al ...
... studies have blurred the linkage between positive and negative emotional valence in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, and they have revealed a neuronal circuit consisting of glutamatergic interconnections among the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex and dopaminergic afferents to al ...
Deficient Fear Conditioning in Psychopathy
... alone), and extinction (like habituation) that occurred successively. The CS was presented for 7.05 seconds; the US (painful pressure) lasted for 10 milliseconds and was terminated together with the CS⫹. The US was applied using a plastic cylinder with a 7-mm diameter and a 12-mm length that was pla ...
... alone), and extinction (like habituation) that occurred successively. The CS was presented for 7.05 seconds; the US (painful pressure) lasted for 10 milliseconds and was terminated together with the CS⫹. The US was applied using a plastic cylinder with a 7-mm diameter and a 12-mm length that was pla ...
C ontribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to laser
... amygdala. The conditioning responses were also diminished following morphine treatment. The association between a neutral stimulus and a noxious stimulus could be demonstrated in a Pavlovian conditioning test in free moving rats. Thus, the conditioned response may be employed as a measure of the emo ...
... amygdala. The conditioning responses were also diminished following morphine treatment. The association between a neutral stimulus and a noxious stimulus could be demonstrated in a Pavlovian conditioning test in free moving rats. Thus, the conditioned response may be employed as a measure of the emo ...
Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal
... that impact on reflexive and voluntary behavioural responses. These are: (i) pavlovian approach behaviour, which provides a means of measuring the tendency of animals to approach stimuli that have acquired motivational salience through their predictive (pavlovian) association with a primary reward ( ...
... that impact on reflexive and voluntary behavioural responses. These are: (i) pavlovian approach behaviour, which provides a means of measuring the tendency of animals to approach stimuli that have acquired motivational salience through their predictive (pavlovian) association with a primary reward ( ...
Ivan Pavlov - manuel
... repeated alongside another stimulus which does not cause an emotional response, eventually the second stimulus will result ...
... repeated alongside another stimulus which does not cause an emotional response, eventually the second stimulus will result ...
Paper: Neural substrates for expectation
... This training regimen produced a reduction in the ability of a predicted UCS to support further fear conditioning Following conditioning, amygdala and PAG neurons responded more robustly to shocks when they were presented unexpectedly than when they were signaled by the predictive CSa Finally, pharm ...
... This training regimen produced a reduction in the ability of a predicted UCS to support further fear conditioning Following conditioning, amygdala and PAG neurons responded more robustly to shocks when they were presented unexpectedly than when they were signaled by the predictive CSa Finally, pharm ...
Slides
... Theorem 2 Assume that is countable. Let hp; vi and hp ; v i be respectively an agent’s prior and posterior states of mind. Then there exists some partition of such that hp ; v i is obtained from hp; vi by generalised conditioning on this partition. Theory says nothing about how redistribution of pr ...
... Theorem 2 Assume that is countable. Let hp; vi and hp ; v i be respectively an agent’s prior and posterior states of mind. Then there exists some partition of such that hp ; v i is obtained from hp; vi by generalised conditioning on this partition. Theory says nothing about how redistribution of pr ...
Settling The Stimulus-Substitution Issue Is A Prerequisite For Sound
... (Sideroff et al. 1971). For these investigators (and for others later on) there appears to be a compulsion (perhaps encouraged by the operant reinforcement properties of some of the US brain areas used) to find some feature, other than mere UR elicitation, that is indispensable for conditioning. We, ...
... (Sideroff et al. 1971). For these investigators (and for others later on) there appears to be a compulsion (perhaps encouraged by the operant reinforcement properties of some of the US brain areas used) to find some feature, other than mere UR elicitation, that is indispensable for conditioning. We, ...
A Biologically Plausible Spiking Neuron Model of Fear Conditioning
... Second-Order Conditioning Second-Order conditioning experiments begin with a CS (previously conditioned with a US) and an NS. The NS is temporally paired with the CS; after this training, the former NS will become a CS able to elicit a fear response. The learning in this case is similar to that in t ...
... Second-Order Conditioning Second-Order conditioning experiments begin with a CS (previously conditioned with a US) and an NS. The NS is temporally paired with the CS; after this training, the former NS will become a CS able to elicit a fear response. The learning in this case is similar to that in t ...
PDF
... the subjective values, of available actions. As actions are executed, the expected immediate consequences (ensuing states and rewards) can be compared to actual consequences to continuously update the model. The advantage of this model-based system is that it is up to date and flexible, taking into ...
... the subjective values, of available actions. As actions are executed, the expected immediate consequences (ensuing states and rewards) can be compared to actual consequences to continuously update the model. The advantage of this model-based system is that it is up to date and flexible, taking into ...
download file
... duration of freezing during the 20 s CS was measured with a digital stopwatch by an observer blind to experimental conditions. Percent freezing (seconds spent freezing/20 s CS) during habituation, fear conditioning, and extinction on day 3 was calculated and compared across groups. ...
... duration of freezing during the 20 s CS was measured with a digital stopwatch by an observer blind to experimental conditions. Percent freezing (seconds spent freezing/20 s CS) during habituation, fear conditioning, and extinction on day 3 was calculated and compared across groups. ...
review ecology and neurobiology of toxin avoidance and the
... Nicotiana is experimentally up- or down-regulated demonstrate the key role this neurotoxin plays in reducing leaf loss, reducing plant mortality, and increasing production of viable seed by deterring, harming and killing herbivores (Baldwin, 2001; Steppuhn et al., 2004). Data on the ecological funct ...
... Nicotiana is experimentally up- or down-regulated demonstrate the key role this neurotoxin plays in reducing leaf loss, reducing plant mortality, and increasing production of viable seed by deterring, harming and killing herbivores (Baldwin, 2001; Steppuhn et al., 2004). Data on the ecological funct ...
reward and reinforcement i
... A behavioral act often results in consequences that lead to an increase or decrease in the subsequent frequency of that behavior. This is called instrumental (also called "operant") conditioning, which was first described by the legendary behaviorist psychologist, B. F. Skinner. In a typical “Skinne ...
... A behavioral act often results in consequences that lead to an increase or decrease in the subsequent frequency of that behavior. This is called instrumental (also called "operant") conditioning, which was first described by the legendary behaviorist psychologist, B. F. Skinner. In a typical “Skinne ...
lecture 14
... associated with some representation of the US when we present a CS, it calls up a representation of the US Instrumental/operant conditioning is now viewed in the same way subjects/animals are information-processors, not only with respect to stimuli (Pavlovian) but also with respect to their ow ...
... associated with some representation of the US when we present a CS, it calls up a representation of the US Instrumental/operant conditioning is now viewed in the same way subjects/animals are information-processors, not only with respect to stimuli (Pavlovian) but also with respect to their ow ...
Natural reward-related learning in rats with neonatal ventral
... Abstract Rational: Psychostimulant injections in rats have been shown to alter future performance in natural reward conditioning. These effects may represent a persistent impact of drugs on neurocircuits that interface cognitive and motivational processes, which may be further altered in neuropsychi ...
... Abstract Rational: Psychostimulant injections in rats have been shown to alter future performance in natural reward conditioning. These effects may represent a persistent impact of drugs on neurocircuits that interface cognitive and motivational processes, which may be further altered in neuropsychi ...
Memory Extinction, Learning Anew, and Learning the New
... The rat insular cortex (IC) subserves the memory of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), in which a taste is associated with malaise. When the conditioned taste is unfamiliar, formation of long-term CTA memory depends on muscarinic and -adrenergic receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), an ...
... The rat insular cortex (IC) subserves the memory of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), in which a taste is associated with malaise. When the conditioned taste is unfamiliar, formation of long-term CTA memory depends on muscarinic and -adrenergic receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), an ...
How the Brain Makes Play Fun
... an animal in one chamber of the apparatus was paired with a partner that had been rendered nonplayful by treatment with scopolamine, and the other paired with a partner that had not been so treated and remained playful. They showed that conditioned place preference developed for the chamber associat ...
... an animal in one chamber of the apparatus was paired with a partner that had been rendered nonplayful by treatment with scopolamine, and the other paired with a partner that had not been so treated and remained playful. They showed that conditioned place preference developed for the chamber associat ...
Manuscript_text
... Sigma-Aldrich Ireland, Dublin, Ireland) were obtained each day prior to injection of samples, and after every 10 samples. N-methyl 5-HT (2ng/20µL) was included in the mobile phase as an internal standard. Concentrations of monoamines or their metabolites were expressed as ng neurotransmitter/g of ti ...
... Sigma-Aldrich Ireland, Dublin, Ireland) were obtained each day prior to injection of samples, and after every 10 samples. N-methyl 5-HT (2ng/20µL) was included in the mobile phase as an internal standard. Concentrations of monoamines or their metabolites were expressed as ng neurotransmitter/g of ti ...
Conditioned place preference
Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a form of Pavlovian conditioning used to measure the motivational effects of objects or experiences. This paradigm can also be used to measure conditioned place aversion with an identical procedure involving aversive stimuli instead. Both procedures usually involve mice or rats as subjects. This procedure can be used to measure extinction and reinstatement of the conditioned stimulus. Certain drugs are used in this paradigm to measure their reinforcing properties. Two different methods are used to choose the compartments to be conditioned, and these are biased vs. unbiased. The biased method allows the animal to explore the apparatus, and the compartment they least prefer is the one that the drug is administered in and the one they most prefer is the one where the vehicle is injected. This method allows the animal to choose the compartment they get the drug and vehicle in. In comparison, the unbiased method does not allow the animal to choose what compartment they get the drug and vehicle in and instead the researcher chooses the compartments.Humans have also been shown to develop conditioned place preferences; for example, individuals taking therapeutic doses of amphetamine develop a CPP for where they consumed the drug.