Handout 1
... condition, the side keys are not made available until the center key has been off for five seconds. In the first example behavior is brought under control of a stimulus at one time| and the stimulus is presented again at a later time. It may strike some as remarkable that a pigeon would "remember wh ...
... condition, the side keys are not made available until the center key has been off for five seconds. In the first example behavior is brought under control of a stimulus at one time| and the stimulus is presented again at a later time. It may strike some as remarkable that a pigeon would "remember wh ...
Drug-Evoked Synaptic Plasticity Causing Addictive Behavior
... sensitization also has an associative component, as its magnitude depends on the environment (the effect is enhanced in a novel environment; Badiani et al., 1995). Importantly, locomotor sensitization is already observed several days after a single injection (Valjent et al., 2010) and many weeks aft ...
... sensitization also has an associative component, as its magnitude depends on the environment (the effect is enhanced in a novel environment; Badiani et al., 1995). Importantly, locomotor sensitization is already observed several days after a single injection (Valjent et al., 2010) and many weeks aft ...
Prelimbic to Accumbens Core Pathway Is Recruited in a Dopamine
... test session (e.g., ⬃0 –30 min of the test session; see Fig. 1a), the period of peak active lever pressing (Smith et al., 2009; Mahler and Aston-Jones, 2012). Rats that did not acquire criteria performance in behavioral training or reinstatement were excluded from analyses (n ⫽ 6). Tissue preparatio ...
... test session (e.g., ⬃0 –30 min of the test session; see Fig. 1a), the period of peak active lever pressing (Smith et al., 2009; Mahler and Aston-Jones, 2012). Rats that did not acquire criteria performance in behavioral training or reinstatement were excluded from analyses (n ⫽ 6). Tissue preparatio ...
Brief neonatal maternal separation alters extinction of conditioned
... (e.g., Meerlo et al., 1999; but see Kosten et al., 2005). However, to our knowledge, the effects of maternal separation on learning and unlearning of conditioned fear and the corticolimbic structures mediating these behaviors have not been assessed. The neural substrates for acquisition of condition ...
... (e.g., Meerlo et al., 1999; but see Kosten et al., 2005). However, to our knowledge, the effects of maternal separation on learning and unlearning of conditioned fear and the corticolimbic structures mediating these behaviors have not been assessed. The neural substrates for acquisition of condition ...
Program - Albion
... spontaneous recovery from habituation at 2. 10 and 60 s ISIs we found more rapid recovery of both response frequency and response magnitude at shorter ISIs than at longer ISIs. We have identified many genes that play a role in habituation of response magnitude, habituation of response frequency o ...
... spontaneous recovery from habituation at 2. 10 and 60 s ISIs we found more rapid recovery of both response frequency and response magnitude at shorter ISIs than at longer ISIs. We have identified many genes that play a role in habituation of response magnitude, habituation of response frequency o ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... including primary and conditioned aversive events [17], reward omission [1] and conditioned inhibitors [4]. Thus, the activation of dopaminergic neurons does not seem to be owing to the general alerting or attention-generating functions of reward-related stimuli but might reflect the known rewarding ...
... including primary and conditioned aversive events [17], reward omission [1] and conditioned inhibitors [4]. Thus, the activation of dopaminergic neurons does not seem to be owing to the general alerting or attention-generating functions of reward-related stimuli but might reflect the known rewarding ...
Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking
... subjects first exposed to a number of light and shock pairings (phase I, Fig. 1B) followed later by the tone/light compound paired with the shock (phase II, Fig. 1B), show conditioned responses to the light but not to the tone. Of importance is that all subjects received the same tone-shock contigui ...
... subjects first exposed to a number of light and shock pairings (phase I, Fig. 1B) followed later by the tone/light compound paired with the shock (phase II, Fig. 1B), show conditioned responses to the light but not to the tone. Of importance is that all subjects received the same tone-shock contigui ...
Neurocircuitry of Addiction
... state can define dependence relative to addiction (Russell, 1976; Baker et al, 1987) and that such a negative affective state contributes to compulsivity through negative reinforcement mechanisms (Koob and Le Moal, 2005). Another conceptualization of the motivational changes associated with addictio ...
... state can define dependence relative to addiction (Russell, 1976; Baker et al, 1987) and that such a negative affective state contributes to compulsivity through negative reinforcement mechanisms (Koob and Le Moal, 2005). Another conceptualization of the motivational changes associated with addictio ...
The stress-coping (mis)match hypothesis for nature×nurture
... dimension of stress-coping styles. Active/passive stresscoping responses also can be acute or conditioned, which are subserved by different brain mechanisms (Roozendaal et al., 1997). In the context of the SCM hypothesis I only address conditioned stress-coping responses. In the next sections I will ...
... dimension of stress-coping styles. Active/passive stresscoping responses also can be acute or conditioned, which are subserved by different brain mechanisms (Roozendaal et al., 1997). In the context of the SCM hypothesis I only address conditioned stress-coping responses. In the next sections I will ...
The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Decision Making
... within each category, for a total of 58 trials. For example, in the ‘‘food’’ category, subjects would choose between carrot sticks and watermelon on one trial and between a donut and a chocolate bar on the next, continuing until they had indicated their preference between all possible pairs of the 8 ...
... within each category, for a total of 58 trials. For example, in the ‘‘food’’ category, subjects would choose between carrot sticks and watermelon on one trial and between a donut and a chocolate bar on the next, continuing until they had indicated their preference between all possible pairs of the 8 ...
The subthalamic nucleus exerts opposite control on cocaine and
... emphasizing the critical involvement of the STN in mediating reward information and attentional processes22,23. Our results confirm involvement of the STN in food reinforcement and further suggest that the effects of STN lesions on motivation are reinforcer dependent. They extend previous findings15 ...
... emphasizing the critical involvement of the STN in mediating reward information and attentional processes22,23. Our results confirm involvement of the STN in food reinforcement and further suggest that the effects of STN lesions on motivation are reinforcer dependent. They extend previous findings15 ...
The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain
... The capacity of a stimulus to direct attention. This could be due to the physical attributes of the stimulus (e.g. intensity) but is often also related to the motivational relevance of a CS. ...
... The capacity of a stimulus to direct attention. This could be due to the physical attributes of the stimulus (e.g. intensity) but is often also related to the motivational relevance of a CS. ...
Sustained conditioned responses in prelimbic prefrontal neurons are
... and freezing responses across seconds, in which each point in the correlation was composed by the average PL activity and the average freezing for a given 3 s bin (22 bins in total: 2 pretone bins, 10 tone bins, and 10 post-tone bins). Burst firing was also examined by measuring the percentage of sp ...
... and freezing responses across seconds, in which each point in the correlation was composed by the average PL activity and the average freezing for a given 3 s bin (22 bins in total: 2 pretone bins, 10 tone bins, and 10 post-tone bins). Burst firing was also examined by measuring the percentage of sp ...
A Stress-Induced Shift From Trace to Delay Conditioning Depends
... Fear learning in stressful situations is adaptive for survival by guiding subsequent behavior, but it is also a critical initiating factor for stress-related disorders (1). The neurobiology of fear learning has been studied extensively, implementing different fear conditioning paradigms. Most studie ...
... Fear learning in stressful situations is adaptive for survival by guiding subsequent behavior, but it is also a critical initiating factor for stress-related disorders (1). The neurobiology of fear learning has been studied extensively, implementing different fear conditioning paradigms. Most studie ...
Is the cerebellum involved in learning and cognition?
... the onset of the next delay line after a brief period. In this manner, a representation of the CS is prolonged, but the units that are active change over time. Turning on the US bolsters the output from currently active delay units to drive the CR. In developing these models, the need for a mechanis ...
... the onset of the next delay line after a brief period. In this manner, a representation of the CS is prolonged, but the units that are active change over time. Turning on the US bolsters the output from currently active delay units to drive the CR. In developing these models, the need for a mechanis ...
Annual Pavlovian Society Meeting ~ Sept 1820, 2014 Hilton Seattle
... rewarding as accessing chocolate, yet rats do not help strangers of an unfamiliar strain. Moreover, helping does not occur when distress is pharmacologically blocked in either the free or trapped cagemate with a benzodiazepine. Corticosterone measurements indicate that successful helping abolishes s ...
... rewarding as accessing chocolate, yet rats do not help strangers of an unfamiliar strain. Moreover, helping does not occur when distress is pharmacologically blocked in either the free or trapped cagemate with a benzodiazepine. Corticosterone measurements indicate that successful helping abolishes s ...
learning and behaviour - University of Calicut
... reduction or need satisfaction plays a much more important role in behavior than in other frameworks (i.e., connectionism, operant conditioning). Hull's theoretical framework consisted of many postulates stated in mathematical form; They include: (1) organisms possess a hierarchy of needs which are ...
... reduction or need satisfaction plays a much more important role in behavior than in other frameworks (i.e., connectionism, operant conditioning). Hull's theoretical framework consisted of many postulates stated in mathematical form; They include: (1) organisms possess a hierarchy of needs which are ...
Psychopharmacology of conditioned reward
... manner; analyses of this phenomenon may provide valuable insight into the processes that underlie reward-related learning. The effects of dopaminergic agents with different mechanisms of action in this paradigm have revealed several interesting dissociations suggesting that a rewarding signal at dop ...
... manner; analyses of this phenomenon may provide valuable insight into the processes that underlie reward-related learning. The effects of dopaminergic agents with different mechanisms of action in this paradigm have revealed several interesting dissociations suggesting that a rewarding signal at dop ...
MI Health and Safety Commission Paper SC/04/07 HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMISSION
... Further research The results from the present project show that recreational drug use may have effects on safety at work. There is clearly a need to replicate and extend these findings. Some of the ways of extending the research are clearly suggested by the present results. For example, it is now i ...
... Further research The results from the present project show that recreational drug use may have effects on safety at work. There is clearly a need to replicate and extend these findings. Some of the ways of extending the research are clearly suggested by the present results. For example, it is now i ...
Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... method described by Ono et al. (1985), was used. The rat was anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) and then mounted in a stereotaxic apparatus with its skull level between the bregma and lambda suture points. The cranium was exposed, 2–3 mm of the temporal end of the temporal muscle wa ...
... method described by Ono et al. (1985), was used. The rat was anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) and then mounted in a stereotaxic apparatus with its skull level between the bregma and lambda suture points. The cranium was exposed, 2–3 mm of the temporal end of the temporal muscle wa ...
Acceleration of visually cued conditioned fear through the
... (P < 0.05, t-test). After one session of fear conditioning, the light-conditioned sham lesion mice froze significantly less during the cue presentation period than the other groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01 respectively, t-tests). The amount of time the light-conditioned sham lesion group spe ...
... (P < 0.05, t-test). After one session of fear conditioning, the light-conditioned sham lesion mice froze significantly less during the cue presentation period than the other groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01 respectively, t-tests). The amount of time the light-conditioned sham lesion group spe ...
How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse?
... and sadness. These reactions depend on the specific features of the situation, an appraisal of the event and available coping resources, and the prior emotional state of the individual. Perception of threat or challenge relies on the brain information processing circuits, such as the primary sensory ...
... and sadness. These reactions depend on the specific features of the situation, an appraisal of the event and available coping resources, and the prior emotional state of the individual. Perception of threat or challenge relies on the brain information processing circuits, such as the primary sensory ...
Student Name Teacher Name Course Date Helper or Hinderer? (I
... statisticians say that the field of statistics is primarily about explaining variability. This is what we are attempting to do in this investigation, and we will continue to explore these ideas all term long. Terminology: The probability of an event is the long-run proportion of times the event happ ...
... statisticians say that the field of statistics is primarily about explaining variability. This is what we are attempting to do in this investigation, and we will continue to explore these ideas all term long. Terminology: The probability of an event is the long-run proportion of times the event happ ...
Relapse or Relapse Prevention: A Choice
... • 6. The patient doesn’t buy into the concept that they cannot safely use any moodaltering/addicting drug. – They actually have the glass of wine or don’t consult on an Rx or OTC medication e.g. talk with sponsor first or their PHP monitor. ...
... • 6. The patient doesn’t buy into the concept that they cannot safely use any moodaltering/addicting drug. – They actually have the glass of wine or don’t consult on an Rx or OTC medication e.g. talk with sponsor first or their PHP monitor. ...
Rewarding properties of sildenafil citrate in mice
... using an unbiased procedure. The CPP paradigm took place in nine consecutive days, which consisted of three phases: familiarization and preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. All trials were done between Zeitgeber Time (ZT) 4 and ZT 6 (light onset is defined as ZT 0). Familiarization a ...
... using an unbiased procedure. The CPP paradigm took place in nine consecutive days, which consisted of three phases: familiarization and preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. All trials were done between Zeitgeber Time (ZT) 4 and ZT 6 (light onset is defined as ZT 0). Familiarization a ...
Conditioned place preference
Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a form of Pavlovian conditioning used to measure the motivational effects of objects or experiences. This paradigm can also be used to measure conditioned place aversion with an identical procedure involving aversive stimuli instead. Both procedures usually involve mice or rats as subjects. This procedure can be used to measure extinction and reinstatement of the conditioned stimulus. Certain drugs are used in this paradigm to measure their reinforcing properties. Two different methods are used to choose the compartments to be conditioned, and these are biased vs. unbiased. The biased method allows the animal to explore the apparatus, and the compartment they least prefer is the one that the drug is administered in and the one they most prefer is the one where the vehicle is injected. This method allows the animal to choose the compartment they get the drug and vehicle in. In comparison, the unbiased method does not allow the animal to choose what compartment they get the drug and vehicle in and instead the researcher chooses the compartments.Humans have also been shown to develop conditioned place preferences; for example, individuals taking therapeutic doses of amphetamine develop a CPP for where they consumed the drug.