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... the shock. A random intertrial interval of 19 –29 s was used between trials. Latency to escape was scored as 0 if the animal successfully escaped during the tone before onset of the shock. Otherwise, latency time was calculated from shock onset to the time of escape. A maximum score of 4 was given i ...
... the shock. A random intertrial interval of 19 –29 s was used between trials. Latency to escape was scored as 0 if the animal successfully escaped during the tone before onset of the shock. Otherwise, latency time was calculated from shock onset to the time of escape. A maximum score of 4 was given i ...
Role of beta-adrenergic receptors in the ventromedial prefrontal
... doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.07.004 ...
... doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.07.004 ...
the spatial control of ganglionic neurite growth by the substrate
... cell bodies occasionally attached to the substrate just at the location of the border so that a part of the cell body lay in direct contact with the pathway, while the rest of the cell lay on the untreated substrate. In such nerve cells (three observations), neurites emergedonly from that region of ...
... cell bodies occasionally attached to the substrate just at the location of the border so that a part of the cell body lay in direct contact with the pathway, while the rest of the cell lay on the untreated substrate. In such nerve cells (three observations), neurites emergedonly from that region of ...
Altered fear learning across development in both mouse and human
... This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. 1073/pnas.1206834109/-/DCSupplemental. ...
... This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. 1073/pnas.1206834109/-/DCSupplemental. ...
Kaczkurkin_umn_0130E_14221
... impeding extinction. Specifically, Eysenck suggests that anxious individuals experience the CR as significantly more “nocive” or unpleasant than non-anxious individuals. This arousal is suggested to be substantial enough to serve as a replacement for the US which not only results in resistance to ex ...
... impeding extinction. Specifically, Eysenck suggests that anxious individuals experience the CR as significantly more “nocive” or unpleasant than non-anxious individuals. This arousal is suggested to be substantial enough to serve as a replacement for the US which not only results in resistance to ex ...
The relevance of recent developments in classical conditioning to
... simple Pavlovian conditioning) such as social learning, vicarious learning, the effects of unpredictable and uncontrollable stress, etc. Moreover, these contemporary learning models of the development of these disorders can easily be interpreted within the context of a diathesis–stress perspective. W ...
... simple Pavlovian conditioning) such as social learning, vicarious learning, the effects of unpredictable and uncontrollable stress, etc. Moreover, these contemporary learning models of the development of these disorders can easily be interpreted within the context of a diathesis–stress perspective. W ...
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... retrosplenial area, thought to be involved in modulating the eye and head movements associated with attentional processes (Risold and Swanson, 1995). In addition, the retrosplenial area is also associated with the hippocampal formation, known to be critically involved in contextual memory processing ...
... retrosplenial area, thought to be involved in modulating the eye and head movements associated with attentional processes (Risold and Swanson, 1995). In addition, the retrosplenial area is also associated with the hippocampal formation, known to be critically involved in contextual memory processing ...
Humphreys (1939b) revisited: Is there a “verbal” PREE?
... task generated a guessing pattern in the 100% condition that may render this interpretation doubtful as well. In fact, if the procedure is seen as a simple discrimination task (“predict if a stimulus will occur, given a signal”), most participants will easily provide the correct response within few ...
... task generated a guessing pattern in the 100% condition that may render this interpretation doubtful as well. In fact, if the procedure is seen as a simple discrimination task (“predict if a stimulus will occur, given a signal”), most participants will easily provide the correct response within few ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
Psychopharmacology - Where can my students do assignments that
... • Also could be that knockout mice adapt to the lack of dopamine transporter • There is some evidence that serotonin blockade may play a greater role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine in knockout mice – Fluoxetine (Prozac; 5-HT reuptake inhibitor) doesn’t support selfadministration in wild-type ...
... • Also could be that knockout mice adapt to the lack of dopamine transporter • There is some evidence that serotonin blockade may play a greater role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine in knockout mice – Fluoxetine (Prozac; 5-HT reuptake inhibitor) doesn’t support selfadministration in wild-type ...
Neurotoxic Lesions of Basolateral, But Not Central, Amygdala
... within the amygdala complex are critically involved in the assignment of emotional significance or value to events through associative learning. Much of this evidence comes from aversive conditioning procedures. For example, lesions of either basolateral amygdala (ABL) or the central nucleus (CN) in ...
... within the amygdala complex are critically involved in the assignment of emotional significance or value to events through associative learning. Much of this evidence comes from aversive conditioning procedures. For example, lesions of either basolateral amygdala (ABL) or the central nucleus (CN) in ...
Emotional learning during dissociative states in borderline
... PTSD subgroup in a traumatic script-driven symptomprovocation paradigm.5,7 Likewise, an inverse relation between dissociation severity and cortisol stress reactivity during a psychosocial stress paradigm has been shown in people with dissociative disorders and people with PTSD.8 Our group has recent ...
... PTSD subgroup in a traumatic script-driven symptomprovocation paradigm.5,7 Likewise, an inverse relation between dissociation severity and cortisol stress reactivity during a psychosocial stress paradigm has been shown in people with dissociative disorders and people with PTSD.8 Our group has recent ...
Title Modulation of Conditioned Fear, Fear
... Evidence suggests that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, on the expression of con ...
... Evidence suggests that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, on the expression of con ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... A. Similar adaptation effects in primary visual cortex and area MT of the macaque monkey under matched stimulus conditions. J Neurophysiol 111: 1203–1213, 2014. First published December 26, 2013; doi:10.1152/jn.00030.2013.—Recent stimulus history, or adaptation, can alter neuronal response propertie ...
... A. Similar adaptation effects in primary visual cortex and area MT of the macaque monkey under matched stimulus conditions. J Neurophysiol 111: 1203–1213, 2014. First published December 26, 2013; doi:10.1152/jn.00030.2013.—Recent stimulus history, or adaptation, can alter neuronal response propertie ...
Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and
... Tests occurred over 3 d for within-subject comparison of vehicle, DAMGO, and amphetamine microinjection conditions in an order pseudorandomly assigned across rats. On each test day, VP neural activity was recorded after NAc microinjection first to serial CS+ cues presented in extinction (i.e., witho ...
... Tests occurred over 3 d for within-subject comparison of vehicle, DAMGO, and amphetamine microinjection conditions in an order pseudorandomly assigned across rats. On each test day, VP neural activity was recorded after NAc microinjection first to serial CS+ cues presented in extinction (i.e., witho ...
Review Reward, Motivation, and Reinforcement Learning
... punishment depends on the actions it performs. Instrumental conditioning is thus closely related to the engineering theory of optimal control and the computer science theory of reinforcement learning, which both study how systems of any sort can choose their actions to maximize rewards or minimize p ...
... punishment depends on the actions it performs. Instrumental conditioning is thus closely related to the engineering theory of optimal control and the computer science theory of reinforcement learning, which both study how systems of any sort can choose their actions to maximize rewards or minimize p ...
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING A
... (CS) capable of evoking a conditioned response (CR) (Rescorla, 1988). In this fundamental form of learning the CS does not just evoke an automatic CR but is endowed with motivational value much like the US, such that the CS can support new learning (Gewirtz & Davis, 2000; Rizley & Rescorla, 1972). C ...
... (CS) capable of evoking a conditioned response (CR) (Rescorla, 1988). In this fundamental form of learning the CS does not just evoke an automatic CR but is endowed with motivational value much like the US, such that the CS can support new learning (Gewirtz & Davis, 2000; Rizley & Rescorla, 1972). C ...
neurocircuitry of addiction
... and motivationally relevant environmental stimuli (6,48). This has contributed to the notion that enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens signals the appearance of an important event that requires the creation and engagement of an adaptive behavioral strategy. This signal is supplied to n ...
... and motivationally relevant environmental stimuli (6,48). This has contributed to the notion that enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens signals the appearance of an important event that requires the creation and engagement of an adaptive behavioral strategy. This signal is supplied to n ...
The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... three hours for short-term memory (STM) or 24–48 h for long-term memory (LTM, depicted), animals are placed in a new context and exposed to multiple presentations of the CS alone. Innate defensive responses, i.e., ‘freezing’ behavior, are then scored as total time spent in this state over the course ...
... three hours for short-term memory (STM) or 24–48 h for long-term memory (LTM, depicted), animals are placed in a new context and exposed to multiple presentations of the CS alone. Innate defensive responses, i.e., ‘freezing’ behavior, are then scored as total time spent in this state over the course ...
Ch 6: Learning
... In fact, the sessions were organized by a behavioral psychologist who gathered the nine participants in a small conference room. The therapist began by saying that such fears are learned—much as you might learn to cringe when you hear a dentist’s drill or the scraping of fingernails on a blackboard ...
... In fact, the sessions were organized by a behavioral psychologist who gathered the nine participants in a small conference room. The therapist began by saying that such fears are learned—much as you might learn to cringe when you hear a dentist’s drill or the scraping of fingernails on a blackboard ...
Cognitive Therapy
... negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence through events such as a loss of a parent, rejection by peers, criticism from teachers or parents, or the depressive attitude of a parent. When the person with such schemas encounters a situation that resembles in some way, even remotely, the ...
... negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence through events such as a loss of a parent, rejection by peers, criticism from teachers or parents, or the depressive attitude of a parent. When the person with such schemas encounters a situation that resembles in some way, even remotely, the ...
Serotonergic Attenuation of the Reinforcing and Neurochemical
... substantia nigra pars compacta project to the caudate nucleus and putamen, the primate homologues of the rodent dorsal striatum (Parent et al., 1995), to modulate motor function. Facilitation of DA transmission in the nigrostriatal system likely contributes to the prominent behavioral-stimulant effe ...
... substantia nigra pars compacta project to the caudate nucleus and putamen, the primate homologues of the rodent dorsal striatum (Parent et al., 1995), to modulate motor function. Facilitation of DA transmission in the nigrostriatal system likely contributes to the prominent behavioral-stimulant effe ...
Different Roles for Amygdala Central Nucleus and Substantia
... 4, we targeted SI/nBM function. In experiments 1 and 3, we examined the effects of inactivation at the time of surprise (phase 2), whereas in experiments 2 and 4, we examined the effects of inactivation at the time of testing. Inactivation was produced by infusions of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro2,3-d ...
... 4, we targeted SI/nBM function. In experiments 1 and 3, we examined the effects of inactivation at the time of surprise (phase 2), whereas in experiments 2 and 4, we examined the effects of inactivation at the time of testing. Inactivation was produced by infusions of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro2,3-d ...
New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... in the acquisition of learned fear. Second, findings from animal studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et al. 1998; LaBar et al. 1998; Whalen et al. 1998), increasing the relevance of the animal model. Third, it is becoming increas ...
... in the acquisition of learned fear. Second, findings from animal studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et al. 1998; LaBar et al. 1998; Whalen et al. 1998), increasing the relevance of the animal model. Third, it is becoming increas ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... a sensitization control phase followed by pairing during a subsequent conditioning phase. Stimulus constancy at the periphery was ensured by the use of neuromuscular blockade. Discharge plasticity developed rapidly for both evoked and background activity, the former attaining criterion faster than t ...
... a sensitization control phase followed by pairing during a subsequent conditioning phase. Stimulus constancy at the periphery was ensured by the use of neuromuscular blockade. Discharge plasticity developed rapidly for both evoked and background activity, the former attaining criterion faster than t ...
Conditioned place preference
Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a form of Pavlovian conditioning used to measure the motivational effects of objects or experiences. This paradigm can also be used to measure conditioned place aversion with an identical procedure involving aversive stimuli instead. Both procedures usually involve mice or rats as subjects. This procedure can be used to measure extinction and reinstatement of the conditioned stimulus. Certain drugs are used in this paradigm to measure their reinforcing properties. Two different methods are used to choose the compartments to be conditioned, and these are biased vs. unbiased. The biased method allows the animal to explore the apparatus, and the compartment they least prefer is the one that the drug is administered in and the one they most prefer is the one where the vehicle is injected. This method allows the animal to choose the compartment they get the drug and vehicle in. In comparison, the unbiased method does not allow the animal to choose what compartment they get the drug and vehicle in and instead the researcher chooses the compartments.Humans have also been shown to develop conditioned place preferences; for example, individuals taking therapeutic doses of amphetamine develop a CPP for where they consumed the drug.