Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward
... different temporal patterns of rewarding stimuli (Fig. 2). This model was based on the method of temporal-differences (TD), which postulates that a synaptically reinforcing substance, e.g. dopamine, is released in response to errors in reward prediction (Schultz et al., 1997). This model has been us ...
... different temporal patterns of rewarding stimuli (Fig. 2). This model was based on the method of temporal-differences (TD), which postulates that a synaptically reinforcing substance, e.g. dopamine, is released in response to errors in reward prediction (Schultz et al., 1997). This model has been us ...
Shedding Light on the Role of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine in
... neurons to support instrumental responding in the absence of food reward using a procedure similar to electrical intracranial self-stimulation. In this paradigm, active-lever presses were followed only by optical stimulation of the VTA. ChR2 mice did not develop a preference for the active lever (Ad ...
... neurons to support instrumental responding in the absence of food reward using a procedure similar to electrical intracranial self-stimulation. In this paradigm, active-lever presses were followed only by optical stimulation of the VTA. ChR2 mice did not develop a preference for the active lever (Ad ...
Operant Conditioning.notebook - Ms. K. Anthony Waterford Valley
... Cognitive Map: this is a mental image of ones surroundings. I.e.. Mice develop cognitive maps that represent a maze that they just ran through. Latent Learning: the demonstration of knowledge only when there is some incentive to do so. I.e.. Mice who explored a maze would only demonstrate that th ...
... Cognitive Map: this is a mental image of ones surroundings. I.e.. Mice develop cognitive maps that represent a maze that they just ran through. Latent Learning: the demonstration of knowledge only when there is some incentive to do so. I.e.. Mice who explored a maze would only demonstrate that th ...
CNS Stimulants - AODAConnection
... simply activities over and over again. It is also referred to as “hung up”. An example would be picking through garbage for days, taking apart appliances, or cleaning the same object over and over. These patterns of behavior are similar in psychotic conditions. This affects points to the alterations ...
... simply activities over and over again. It is also referred to as “hung up”. An example would be picking through garbage for days, taking apart appliances, or cleaning the same object over and over. These patterns of behavior are similar in psychotic conditions. This affects points to the alterations ...
Princeton-Learning
... (C) A rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on (D) A rat gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer receives a food reinforcement (E) A gambler continues to play a slot machine even though he has won nothing on his last 20 plays 57. Mirror neurons may (A) allow ...
... (C) A rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on (D) A rat gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer receives a food reinforcement (E) A gambler continues to play a slot machine even though he has won nothing on his last 20 plays 57. Mirror neurons may (A) allow ...
1. After Raymond described his dream to his therapist, efforts were
... 9. All EXCEPT which of the following examples describe the use of operant conditioning in behavioral therapy? a. Dr. Eggleston teaches Edwina to withdraw attention when her child misbehaves. b. Dr. Chang develops a token economy for use with residents of a mental hospital. c. Dr. Dorian uses a nause ...
... 9. All EXCEPT which of the following examples describe the use of operant conditioning in behavioral therapy? a. Dr. Eggleston teaches Edwina to withdraw attention when her child misbehaves. b. Dr. Chang develops a token economy for use with residents of a mental hospital. c. Dr. Dorian uses a nause ...
Conditioned and unconditioned regulation of human activity
... of development of a conditioned reflex very high. But for formation of a conditioned reflex still it is necessary, that the brain cortex be in an active, awake condition. For development of a conditioned reflex the important value has optimum force of irritant, which may become conditional irritan ...
... of development of a conditioned reflex very high. But for formation of a conditioned reflex still it is necessary, that the brain cortex be in an active, awake condition. For development of a conditioned reflex the important value has optimum force of irritant, which may become conditional irritan ...
sensory1
... lips, palm, fingertip, calf). For touch discrimination, small receptive fields allow greater accuracy in “two point discrimination” test (upcoming lab!) ...
... lips, palm, fingertip, calf). For touch discrimination, small receptive fields allow greater accuracy in “two point discrimination” test (upcoming lab!) ...
C8003 Psychobiology Sample Paper 2015
... experiments have demonstrated that repeated, strong bursts of electrical stimulation to a presynaptic neuron results in a long-lasting synaptic changes such that the post-synaptic neuron shows a greater electrical response (EPSP). This phenomenon is called? (a) A reverberating neural ensemble (b) Ne ...
... experiments have demonstrated that repeated, strong bursts of electrical stimulation to a presynaptic neuron results in a long-lasting synaptic changes such that the post-synaptic neuron shows a greater electrical response (EPSP). This phenomenon is called? (a) A reverberating neural ensemble (b) Ne ...
Chapter 2 - Seahorse Press
... from CNS activity. There have been valiant attempts at driving relevant theory - see, for example, Journey To The Centers Of The Mind by Susan Adele Greenfield (1950-). Adequate theories of classical conditioning need to address known difficulties for “stimulus substitution theory” - including anoma ...
... from CNS activity. There have been valiant attempts at driving relevant theory - see, for example, Journey To The Centers Of The Mind by Susan Adele Greenfield (1950-). Adequate theories of classical conditioning need to address known difficulties for “stimulus substitution theory” - including anoma ...
The Learning Perspective History and cultural context: • Origins from
... Skinner-blackbox-mind and body, he insisted that mental states are both inaccessible to study and irrelevant to understanding of behaviour. Radical behaviourism: a position adopted by Skinner and Watson which argues that mental states are both inaccessible to scientific study and irrelevant to under ...
... Skinner-blackbox-mind and body, he insisted that mental states are both inaccessible to study and irrelevant to understanding of behaviour. Radical behaviourism: a position adopted by Skinner and Watson which argues that mental states are both inaccessible to scientific study and irrelevant to under ...
Chapter 3
... US – stimulus naturally causing the response UR – the natural response to a powerful stimulus CS –a stimulus that starts out neutral but gets associated with a powerful US CR – a learned response to a CS ...
... US – stimulus naturally causing the response UR – the natural response to a powerful stimulus CS –a stimulus that starts out neutral but gets associated with a powerful US CR – a learned response to a CS ...
Pharm II - 2-18
... Which of the following is a true comparison of mazindol and cocaine? a. Mazindol is more selective for norepinephrine b.Cocaine is more selective for norepinephrine c. Cocaine causes neurotransmitter release while mazindol causes transporter blockade d.Mazindol causes neurotransmitter release while ...
... Which of the following is a true comparison of mazindol and cocaine? a. Mazindol is more selective for norepinephrine b.Cocaine is more selective for norepinephrine c. Cocaine causes neurotransmitter release while mazindol causes transporter blockade d.Mazindol causes neurotransmitter release while ...
PDF (2_RMC_CH1_Introduction)
... reaction, such as salivation, to only the meaningful stimulus. Over time, the subject begins to respond to the previously neutral stimulus in the same way as the meaningful one. The subject has formed an association; he or she now begins salivating to the presence of the bell alone without food. In ...
... reaction, such as salivation, to only the meaningful stimulus. Over time, the subject begins to respond to the previously neutral stimulus in the same way as the meaningful one. The subject has formed an association; he or she now begins salivating to the presence of the bell alone without food. In ...
The Neurobiology of Addiction
... addition to their direct reinforcing effects, drugs can motivate behavior indirectly through environmental stimuli with which the drugs have become associated (i.e., conditioned reinforcement). For example, the locations where drugs are taken or the paraphernalia used for their administration may th ...
... addition to their direct reinforcing effects, drugs can motivate behavior indirectly through environmental stimuli with which the drugs have become associated (i.e., conditioned reinforcement). For example, the locations where drugs are taken or the paraphernalia used for their administration may th ...
Fear Conditioning in Panic Disorder: Enhanced Resistance to
... control participants took part in a differential aversive conditioning experiment. A highly annoying but not painful electrical stimulus served as the unconditioned stimulus (US), and two neutral pictures were used as either the paired conditioned stimulus (CS!) or the unpaired conditioned stimulus ...
... control participants took part in a differential aversive conditioning experiment. A highly annoying but not painful electrical stimulus served as the unconditioned stimulus (US), and two neutral pictures were used as either the paired conditioned stimulus (CS!) or the unpaired conditioned stimulus ...
LT2Ch6
... revised stimulus context. Reward prevents further conditioning of the undesired behavior. ...
... revised stimulus context. Reward prevents further conditioning of the undesired behavior. ...
Powerpoint presentation on behaviorism
... • When a desired behavior occurs rarely or not at all, we use shaping – First reinforce any response that in some way resembles the desired behavior, then one that is closer etc. – Think of animal training or the hyper kid who can’t sit in his chair in class – do things in small steps ...
... • When a desired behavior occurs rarely or not at all, we use shaping – First reinforce any response that in some way resembles the desired behavior, then one that is closer etc. – Think of animal training or the hyper kid who can’t sit in his chair in class – do things in small steps ...
Social defeat stress, sensitization, and intravenous cocaine self
... between behavioral sensitization induced by social defeat or amphetamine, and intravenous cocaine self-administration ...
... between behavioral sensitization induced by social defeat or amphetamine, and intravenous cocaine self-administration ...
Nonassociative Learning
... Can be short term lasts hours Change in neural activity or long term several weeks change in neural structure ~ ...
... Can be short term lasts hours Change in neural activity or long term several weeks change in neural structure ~ ...
SS09 - Psychology
... c. suppression of the classic fight-flight pattern will produce neurosis. d. organisms tend to behave in ways that pay off and avoid behavior associated with bad effects. * e. All of the above. ...
... c. suppression of the classic fight-flight pattern will produce neurosis. d. organisms tend to behave in ways that pay off and avoid behavior associated with bad effects. * e. All of the above. ...
Conditioned place preference
Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a form of Pavlovian conditioning used to measure the motivational effects of objects or experiences. This paradigm can also be used to measure conditioned place aversion with an identical procedure involving aversive stimuli instead. Both procedures usually involve mice or rats as subjects. This procedure can be used to measure extinction and reinstatement of the conditioned stimulus. Certain drugs are used in this paradigm to measure their reinforcing properties. Two different methods are used to choose the compartments to be conditioned, and these are biased vs. unbiased. The biased method allows the animal to explore the apparatus, and the compartment they least prefer is the one that the drug is administered in and the one they most prefer is the one where the vehicle is injected. This method allows the animal to choose the compartment they get the drug and vehicle in. In comparison, the unbiased method does not allow the animal to choose what compartment they get the drug and vehicle in and instead the researcher chooses the compartments.Humans have also been shown to develop conditioned place preferences; for example, individuals taking therapeutic doses of amphetamine develop a CPP for where they consumed the drug.