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GET READY FOR A GOOD DAY!!! (GET HYPE!) Unit 6 MUTATIONS Title: DNA Mutations (5 minutes) Let’s Play Telephone. What happened? Agenda • • • • • • • Bellringer (5min) Introduction (5min) Input (15min) Group Work (25min) Review (10min) Independent Practice (20min) Exit Quiz (10min) Think – Pair - Share Read the following two sentences: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR 1. What happened when a single letter in the sentence was changed? 2. If you changed any other letter, will the sentence continue to make sense? 3. What would happen to the sentence if we were to delete the letter G? 4. You are a scientist, how would you describe this change you observed? 5. What would you name it? • What you just observed is called a mutation! • Mutations are changes in the genetic material. What caused the “mutation” in your final product during the Telephone game? A mutagen is something that causes a mutation. Ex: radiation, chemicals, high temp. Mutations in Body vs. Sex Cells Mutations: - In sex-cells: can lead to changes producing offspring with new characteristics. BAD: May result in embryo not surviving. GOOD: May provide organism with an advantage. (EVOLUTION) - In body cells: affect only the individual and may result in cancer. A. Chromosome mutations Chromosome mutations are changes in entire chromosomes Sometimes a mistake happens during cell division which can lead to chromosome mutations, or even more damaging, can lead to something called non-disjunction. A B C D E F G H A B C E Deletion F G H Chromosome mutation Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate during the division of chromosomes in the sex cells. Nondisjunction causes the genetic disorder Down Syndrome; the baby has an extra chromosome 21. Chromosomal mutations B. Gene Mutations produce changes in a single gene. There are 2 main types: Point and Frameshift. Read the following two sentences: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR Where is the mutation? What happened to the last “codon” ? What word would you use to define what happened to the last base (letter) of that codon? In science we call this a Point mutation (Substitution) 1. Point mutation (substitution) -A change in one base pair in a DNA sequence. -A point mutation can cause an amino acid to change, which will change the structure of the protein being made. Example: AUG=Met AAG=Lys -Only one letter was changed (the A to a U) and the entire amino acid changed (from methionine to lysine). Nonsense mutations: result in a stop codon STOP codons: in RNA: UAG UAA UGA Point mutations in our lives! Missense Ex: Sickle Anemia Hemoglobin protein in red blood cells strikes 1 out of 400 African Americans limits activity, painful & may die young Normal round cells Misshapen sickle cells Only 1 out of 146 amino acids Point mutations in our lives! -People with sickle cell anemia often experience a lot of pain and swelling and have trouble exercising. -BUT, that’s not an excuse… (Ryan Clark, a player for the Steelers) Read the following two sentences: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT What happened to the code above? What word would you use to define what happened to the codons? 2. Frameshift mutation -Frameshift mutation-adding or deleting nucleotides to a DNA sequence. -A frameshift mutation is much worse than a point mutation because it causes the entire DNA sequence to be shifted over! Example: DNA: ATTAAACCG Delete this T ATAAACCG Frameshift Mutations • Crohn’s Disease is caused by a frameshift mutation. • It causes inflammation to the digestive tract. Gene Mutations: Types of Mutations in Translation Point (letter gets substituted) Missense (changes amino acid) Nonsense (Changes amino acid/stop codon) Silent (does not change amino acid) Frameshift (letter gets deleted/inserted) Addition (letter is added) Deletion (letter is deleted) Questions: Is this a point mutation or a frameshift mutation? -It’s a point mutation because only one nucleotide changed! Break the mRNA into codons! GUAUUUGCGAUG GUA-UUU-GCG-AUG How many codons do I have? 4 codons Questions: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR Point or frameshift? Point! Why? Questions THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT Point or frameshift? -frameshift Why? ATTENTION: Review in preparation for your Group practice Use the codon chart to translate the codons into amino acids Frameshift Mutations: How is this deletion? AUGCGUGUAUACGCAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrAlaCysGluStop Mutation! AUGCGUGUAUACGAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrAspAlaSerGA Does this change the protein? A LOT! Frameshift Mutations: How is this addition? AUGCGUGUAUACGCAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrAlaCysGluStop AUGCGUGUAUACGUCAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrValMetArgValA Does this chang the protein? A LOT! Point Mutations How is this a substitution? THEFATCATANDTHEREDRATRAN THEFATCARANDTHEREDRATRAN OR THEFATCATENDTHEREDRATRAN Does this change the sentence? A LITTLE! Point Mutations(Substitution) Why is this missense? AUGCGUGUAUACGCAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrAlaCysGluStop RADIATION! AUGCGUGUAUACGUAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrValCysGluStop Does this change the protein? DEPENDS… Point Mutations Why is this silent? AUGCGUGUAUACGCAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrAlaCysGluStop AUGCGUGUAUACGCUUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrAlaCysGluStop Does this change the protein? Why not? Point Mutations Why is this nonsense? AUGCGUGUAUACGCAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValTyrAlaCysGluStop AUGCGUGUAUAAGCAUGCGAGUGA MetArgValStop Really destroy that protein! Group Practice (25min) • Work with your group to solve your guided practice worksheet Let’s quickly review what we’ve learned so far… Why is the genetic code universal? • All organisms have DNA made of the same molecules. – DNA in every organism has the bases: A,T,C,G • Why are there similarities in the genetic code of similar organisms? - Most organisms share a common ancestry DNA Replication • • • • • Unwind Unzip (Helicase) Start (Primase) Attach bases (Polymerase) Glue (Ligase) • DNA is semi-conservative: • At the end of the process, there are two, identical strands of DNA, each with part of the original strand and a newly created strand. Central Dogma: • DNA RNA Protein • DNA Replication= making an identical copy of a DNA strand • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q2Ba2cFAew Replication – 1 minute video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0&safe=active – TRANSCRIPTION: – RNA polymerase reads one side of the DNA template and strings together a complementary strand of RNA nucleotides. – The DNA helix winds again as the gene is transcribed. DNA RNA polymerase moves along the DNA • RNA differs from DNA in three major ways. – RNA has a ribose sugar. – RNA has uracil instead of thymine. – RNA is a single-stranded structure. After transcription, the ribosomes have this foreign message that means nothing to them. So they must “translate” it Translation • Turns mRNA into an amino acid chain (protein) • It occurs in the cytoplasm using a ribosome Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire chromosome. Why don't all mutations result in visible change? • Not all mutations are harmful, some may be beneficial, and may not be visible (silent mutation). – Silent mutations occur because the same amino acid is created despite the error. Independent Practice (20min) Complete: Silently Independently Exit Ticket (10min) Homework • Finish Worksheet • Study for DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation, and Mutation Unit Exam