Download THE CELL Cells: Part 1

THE CELL
Cells: Part 1
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
• State the 2 types of cells
• Relate the structure to function for all the
organelles
TYPES OF CELLS
There are two types of cells:
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES
• Cells fall into two broad
categories, depending on
whether they contain a nucleus
• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• A nucleus is a large membraneenclosed structure that contains
the cell’s genetic material in the
form of DNA
• Prokaryotic cells are cells that
do not contain a nuclei and
Eukaryotes are cells that contain
a nuclei
PROKARYOTES
• Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes, although many
exceptions
• Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a
nucleus
• They all grow, reproduce, respond to their environment, and some can
move
•Typically we call prokaryotes, Bacteria
EUKARYOTES
• Generally these cells are larger
• Usually contain dozens of structures
and internal membranes and many
are highly specialized
• Eukaryotes contain a nucleus in
which their genetic material is
separated from the rest of the cell
• Some are single-celled and others
form multi-cellular organisms.
• Plants, animals, fungi and protists
are eukaryotes
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER??
Label your eukaryotic cells – Plant and Animals
CELL MEMBRANE
AKA: Plasma
Membrane
Confines the
cytoplasm
Controls what enters
and leaves the cell
Made of a
phospholipid bilayer
CELL MEMBRANE
Structure of Cell Membrane
The fatty acid tails are “water
hating”
The phosphate heads are
“water loving”
There are proteins embedded in
the membrane to transport
molecules through the
membrane
NUCLEUS
• Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and
with it the coded instructions for making
proteins and other important molecules
• Nuclear envelope a double layer of
nuclear membrane with pores
• Chromatin – DNA with protein (synthesis)
•Houses nucleoplasm, DNA and nucleoli
•Nucleolus – Where Ribosomes are
assembled
•Nuclear membrane is connected to the RER
RER & SER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Made of cell membrane
folded into sacs
There are two types:
1. Rough: has ribosomes
attached
2. Smooth: no ribosomes
attached
RER & SER
RER: processes proteins
and sends them to the
Golgi Apparatus
SER: makes lipids,
contain enzymes for
specialized tasks,
detoxifies poisons, drugs
and other toxins
RIBOSOMES
• Found attached to the RER and
floating in the cytoplasm
• Are the site of protein synthesis
• They receive coded instructions that
come from the nucleus
GOLGI BODY
AKA: Golgi Apparatus or
Golgi Complex
Made of flattened sacs of
cell membrane
Receives and exports
proteins via vesicles
VACUOLES & VESICLES
Membrane bound sacs
used for storage
Formed from ER and Golgi
Apparatus
MITOCHONDRIA
Powerhouse of the cell
Converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy
(ATP)
Mitochondria comes from your mom!
CHLOROPLAST
Site of photosynthesis, found in plants only
Uses chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical
energy (glucose)
MIRCROTUBULES
•Hollow structures made up of
proteins
• Maintain cell shape
• Cell division
•Centrioles:
•Located near the nucleus and
help to organize cell division
•Centrioles are not found in
plant cells
FLAGELLA & CILIA
Microtubules also help build projections from the cell
surface for things like flagella and cilia
Flagella: move cells
Cilia: move things past cells
CYTOSKELETON
Gives the cell its shape
and supports organelles
Moves things inside the cell
Made of microtubules,
microfilaments and
intermediate filaments
LYSOSOMES & PEROXISOMES
•Lysosomes: sac of hydrolytic enzymes
that digest or breakdown lipids,
proteins, and carbohydrates
•Peroxisomes: transfer hydrogen and
detoxify parts of the cell
YOUR TURN!
Crash Course Video
Complete the Chart on Cell Organelles