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DNA STRUCTURE DNA consists of two molecules that are arranged into a ladder-like structure called a Double Helix. A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of: 1. 2. 3. Phosphate group Pentose sugar Nitrogenous base NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are polymers Monomer---nucleotides Nitrogenous bases Purines Pyrimidines Sugar Ribose Deoxyribose } Phosphates +nucleoside=nucleotide Nucleosides THE SUGARS BASES OF DNA (AND RNA) Purines: Pyrimidines: RNA only DNA only NUCLEOTIDES Phosphate Nitrogenous Base Pentose Sugar NUCLEOTIDES The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”. There are four types of nitrogenous bases. NUCLEOTIDES Each base will only bond with one other specific base. Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Form a base pair. Form a base pair. NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEOSIDES DNA STABILIZATION– COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA AND RNA Figure 4.1 The C is named 1’-5’ 1’ 4’ 2’ Nucleotide Nucleoside RNA DNA DNA STABILIZATION--H-BONDING BETWEEN DNA BASE PAIR STACKS PHYSICAL STRUCTURE DNA IS DYNAMIC Like proteins, DNA has 3º structure Why so many deviations from normal conformation? Effects on transcription (gene expression) Enhances responsiveness May also serve in packaging NOTE: most cellular DNA exists as protein containing supercoils DNA STRUCTURE Because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand. DNA STRUCTURE To crack the genetic code found in DNA we need to look at the sequence of bases. The bases are arranged in triplets called codons. AGG-CTC-AAG-TCC-TAG TCC-GAG-TTC-AGG-ATC DNA STRUCTURE A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein. Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases. This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of a unique protein. It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a unique phenotype. THANKYOU