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Transcript
Cytology The study of cells Cell Types 1) Procaryotic 2) Eucaryotic Procaryotic Cells Cells lack a true nucleus Cells have only non-membrane bound organelles Bacteria and some algae Eucaryotic Cells Cells have a true nuclues Cells have membrane bound organelles Most protists All fungi, plants, animals, and humans Cellular Structures 1) Boundary 2) Cytoplasm 3) Nucleus Cellular Boundaries Plasma membrane Cell wall Middle lamella Capsule / sheath / slime coat Plasma membrane The outermost boundary of all cells Semi-permeable Phospholipid bilayer Proteins are embedded within transportation cell recognition cell adhesion Plasma membrane LAMININ VIDEO CLIP BY LOUIE GIGLIO Cell wall Rigid structure surrounding some cells all procaryotes plants, algae, fungi, and protozoans Porous Composed of cellulose or chitin Middle lamella Layer between two adjacent cell walls Acts as a lubricant Capsule / Sheath / Slime coat A cellular secretion of polysaccharides Surrounds unicellular or colonial organisms Protective Attackers must first dissolve the capsule or penetrate it Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoplasmic matrix Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Plastids Golgi body Lysosomes Vacuoles Centrioles Flagellum Cilia Cytoplasmic Matrix (aka: the cytoplasm) Located in all types of cells A semi-solid watery substance in which all other organelles are suspended Think “jello salad” Provides structure to the cell thanks to its cytoskeleton Cytoplasmic streaming – contents are always moving Ribosome Located in all types of cells Mass of proteins and RNA Function: protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum Seen only in eukaryotic cells Folds of cellular membranes Continuous with both the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane Functions: Provide flexible but structural shape Synthesis of proteins, lipids, & polysaccharides Movement of substances throughout the cell Types of ER’s Mitochondria Seen only in eukaryotic cells A double-membrane bound bean shape structure Inner membrane is folded to form cristae Function: cellular respiration Quantity is dependent on the activity level of the cell Mitochondria Plastids Seen only in plants and algae A double-membrane bound structure Function: synthesis and storage of polysaccharides Types of Plastids Chromoplasts Contains the pigments used in synthesizing polysaccharides Given specific names based on the type of pigment in the chromoplast Most important chromoplast: the chloroplast (green pigment) Chloroplast Inner membrane is folded to form the thylakoid Stack of thylakoids is called a grana Fluid within the chloroplast is called stroma Types of Plastids Leucoplasts Colorless structure Function: a storehouse of starch Most numerous in the fleshy, storage areas of plants Golgi body Seen only in eukaryotic cells A flat, curved, membrane structure Function: Synthesizing polysaccharides Final modifications of proteins & lipids for their final destination Lysosome Seen only in eukaryotic cells Small, membrane bound spherical structure Contains digestive enzymes Function: digestion of old, used organelles digestion of invading cells Vacuoles Seen only in eukaryotic cells Function: storage 4 types of vacuoles Phagocytic Pinocytic Waste Contractile Types of Vacuoles Phagocytic Storage of food Formed by phagocytosis Pinocytic Storage of water Formed by pinocytosis Waste Storage of nondigestible material Fuses with the plasma membrane to release material Types of Vacuoles Contractile vacuole Found in unicellular organisms that live in a freshwater environment Collects excess water and pushes the water back out of the cell Centriole Seen only in eukaryotic cells, except plants 2 cylinders occurring at right angles to each other Always located near the nucleus Function: cell division Flagellum Located in all types of cells Long, tubular extension of the cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm Small quantity: usually have 1 – 4 flagella on a cell Function: locomotion of the cell Cilia Located in all types of cells Short extensions of the cytoskeleton Usually covers the entire cell or a large section of a cell Function: locomotion of the cell or movement of substances within an organism Internal Structure of Cilia & Flagella Both have the same internal structures Both structures have been used to disprove evolution Irreducibly complex Nucleus (the control center of the cell) Nuclear envelope Chromatin material Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope Seen only in eukaryotic cells Porous Phospholipid bilayer Continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum Chromatin Material Seen in all types of cells Long, thin strands consisting of DNA and proteins Function: codes for the information needed for protein synthesis DNA permits activity of a cell, but it does not decide what the cell is capable of doing DNA was programmed by God at creation Nucleolus An area with a large concentration of RNA (a substance similar to DNA) Review of Cellular Structures