Download CELL WALL - Winona ISD

Cell Theory
1. The cell is the basic unit of
structure.
2. The cell is the basic unit of
function.
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.
Cells make up all
living things.
Cells: Size & Shape
• Size and Shape depend upon its function.
• Red blood cells are small and disc shaped
to fit through the smallest blood vessel.
• Muscle cells are long and thin. When they
contract they produce movement.
• Nerve cells which carry signals to the brain
are very long.
Functions of Cells
Cell Function
Cell work together to perform basic life processes that keep organisms alive.
Getting rid of body wastes.
Making new cells for growth and repair.
Releasing energy from food.
Parts of a cell
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Vacuole
Cell Membrane
What do plant
and animal cells
have in common
•
•
•
•
•
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Vacuole
Large in plants; small
in animals
What DO NOT plant
and animal cells
have in common
• CELL WALL – ONLY
PLANTS
• CHLOROPLAST –
ONLY IN PLANTS
• CHLOROPHYLL –
ONLY IN PLANTS
CELL WALL
• The cell wall is the tough, flexible,rigid
layer that surrounds plant cells.
• protects the cell
• gives shape
• is made of cellulose
• A cell wall is found in plants, algae, fungi,
& most bacteria.
CHLOROPLASTS
• Green organelles that
make food
• found only in plant cells
CHLOROPHYLL
• A green pigment that
gives leaves & stems
their color
• Captures sunlight energy
that is used to produce
food called glucose
• Glucose is a type of
sugar
Close up on a palisade cell:
Cell
wall
Cell
membrane
Large
vacuole
Chloroplasts
(containing
chlorophyll)
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Photosynthesis equations
Carbon dioxide + _____
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
glucose + _____
Sunlight
6CO2
+ 6H20
Chlorophyll
C6H12O6 + 6O2
•SOLAR energy
radiated from the
sun is captured by
plants(chloroplast)
•Then it is
instantaneously
changed into
ELECTRICAL
energy
•Then packaged as
CHEMICAL energy
Chloroplast
Things needed for photosynthesis
SUNLIGHT
Gives the plant energy
CHLOROPHYLL
WATER
Travels up
from the roots
CARBON DIOXIDE
Enters the leaf through small
holes on the underneath
The green
stuff
where the
chemical
reactions
happen
Chloroplast
•No energy transformation is 100%
efficient
•Not all the solar energy captured is
converted to electrical and then chemical
energy.
•Some of it gets lost as heat or other
forms of energy (light)
Respiration takes place in animal and plant cells and is the
reverse of Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Glucose
+
oxygen
water
+
carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis is the reverse of respiration:
Water
+
carbon dioxide
glucose
+ oxygen
VACUOLE
• Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the
cell
• Vacuoles are more important to the
survival of plant cells than they are to
animal cells
VACUOLE CONT’D
So, when there is no water…the vacuole
shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing
holding the plant together.
You will know that a plant's vacuoles are
shrinking when you see the plant begin to
droop over
HOLDING UP THE WALLS
MITOCHONDRIA
• Organelles that release
energy from food
• This energy is released by
breaking down food into
carbon dioxide
• AKA the powerhouse b/c
they release energy from
food
• Some muscle cells have
20,000 mitochondria
CELL MEMBRANE
• Outer covering, protective
layer around ALL cells
• For cells with cell walls,the
cell membrane is inside the
cell wall
• Allows food, oxygen, & water
into the cell & waste products
out of the cell.
Nucleus
The “brain” of the cell
Controls all of the
cellular activities
DNA is inside the nucleus
Nucleus
CHROMOSOMES- are found inside
the nucleus
carry the information that
Chromosomes – determines what traits a
living thing will have
CHROMOSOMES
• contains genetic code that controls cell
• made of DNA & proteins
Chromosomes have small sections called GENES
These are blue print for specific traits or physical
Characteristics – hair color, height, shape of ears
etc.
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid has 4 Nitrogen
bases that are arranged in sequences or orders
which are responsible for a genetic trait.
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA carries the genetic information of a
cell
Consists of thousands of genes
It specifies everything that is needed for
the maintenance, function, and replication of
the cell
It is made up of 4 different bases:
(A) adenine
(C) cytosine
(T) thymine
(G) guanine
Plant /Animal Cell Definitions
Nucleus: The organelle that
determines all of a plant’s and
animal’s cell activities and
produces new cells.
Cytoplasm: A jellylike
substance that contains
many chemicals to keep
the cell functioning.
Chromosomes: Threadlike
structures that contain
information about plant or
animal.
Chloroplasts:
Organelles that make
food for the plant cell.
Cell Membrane: A covering that
Vacuole: An organelle that
stores food, water, and waste.
Large in plants.
Small in animals.
holds the plant and animal cell
together and separates it from
surroundings and controls movement
into and out of cell.
Cell Wall: A rigid layer that
supports and protects plant
cells.
Mitochondria: Organelles
that release energy from
food.
Test over plant/animal organelles
Cells produce tissues
Tissues produce organs
Organs produce organ
systems
Organs systems produce
organisms
Tissues, Organs, & Systems
• Cells that work together to perform a specific
function form a tissue.
• Just as cells that work together form a tissue,
tissues that work together form an organ.
• Organs that work together to perform a function
form a system. Example: circulatory system.
• Plant cells also form tissues, such as the bark of
a tree. And plant cells work together, forming
organs, such as roots and leaves.
The Circulatory System
The Circulatory System
The Circulatory System transports oxygen, nutrients and wastes through the blood.
The liquid part of the blood
is called
plasma.
Blood leaves the heart through arteries.
These lead to Capil aries which are so small that
blood cells move through them in single file.
Blood also contains platelets,
tiny pieces of blood cells inside membranes.
The Respiratory System
• Air enters the body through nasal passages is
filtered, then travels down the trachea.
• The trachea branches into two tubes called
bronchi, which lead to the lungs.
• At the end of the bronchi are tiny tubes called
aveoli, small air sacs.
• Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged in
the aveoli and the oxygen rich blood enters the
body through the pulmonary veins.
The Digestive System
• Digestion begins as you chew food.
• Glands in your mouth produce saliva to moisten
food.
• The food passes through the esophagus to the
stomach and moves to the small intestine.
• Nutrients diffuse through the villi, tiny projections
from the intestine, into the blood.
The Excretory System
• The function of the excretory system is to
remove wastes from the body.
• Cell wastes include carbon dioxide and
ammonia.
• The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make
up the excretory system.
• The body also removes wastes through
sweating. Sweat is a salty liquid that evaporates
from the skin.
Systems Working Together
The Skeletal System
Bones are organized into a skeleton which support your body.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons
tough bands of connective tissue.
Bones are attached to each other by ligaments
Bands of connective tissue that hold the skeleton together.
A human skeleton has 206 bones.
Each hand has 26 bones.
The skull has 23 bones.
The Muscular System
• Voluntary Muscles: move bones and hold
your skeleton upright.
• Smooth Muscles: contract slowly and
move substances through the organs they
surround.
• Cardiac Muscles: make up the walls of
the heart. Their function is to pump blood.
The Nervous System
• The nervous system connects all the tissues and
organs to your brain.
• It consists of two parts: The central nervous
system and peripheral nervous system.
• The central nervous system consists of brain
and spinal cord.
• The peripheral nervous system consists of
sensory organs, such as eyes, ears and body
nerves.
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