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Transcript
Cell Theory 1. The cell is the basic unit of structure. 2. The cell is the basic unit of function. 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells. Cells make up all living things. Cells: Size & Shape • Size and Shape depend upon its function. • Red blood cells are small and disc shaped to fit through the smallest blood vessel. • Muscle cells are long and thin. When they contract they produce movement. • Nerve cells which carry signals to the brain are very long. Functions of Cells Cell Function Cell work together to perform basic life processes that keep organisms alive. Getting rid of body wastes. Making new cells for growth and repair. Releasing energy from food. Parts of a cell Cell Wall Chloroplast Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Nucleus Vacuole Cell Membrane What do plant and animal cells have in common • • • • • Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondria Nucleus Vacuole Large in plants; small in animals What DO NOT plant and animal cells have in common • CELL WALL – ONLY PLANTS • CHLOROPLAST – ONLY IN PLANTS • CHLOROPHYLL – ONLY IN PLANTS CELL WALL • The cell wall is the tough, flexible,rigid layer that surrounds plant cells. • protects the cell • gives shape • is made of cellulose • A cell wall is found in plants, algae, fungi, & most bacteria. CHLOROPLASTS • Green organelles that make food • found only in plant cells CHLOROPHYLL • A green pigment that gives leaves & stems their color • Captures sunlight energy that is used to produce food called glucose • Glucose is a type of sugar Close up on a palisade cell: Cell wall Cell membrane Large vacuole Chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll) Nucleus Cytoplasm Photosynthesis equations Carbon dioxide + _____ Sunlight Chlorophyll glucose + _____ Sunlight 6CO2 + 6H20 Chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2 •SOLAR energy radiated from the sun is captured by plants(chloroplast) •Then it is instantaneously changed into ELECTRICAL energy •Then packaged as CHEMICAL energy Chloroplast Things needed for photosynthesis SUNLIGHT Gives the plant energy CHLOROPHYLL WATER Travels up from the roots CARBON DIOXIDE Enters the leaf through small holes on the underneath The green stuff where the chemical reactions happen Chloroplast •No energy transformation is 100% efficient •Not all the solar energy captured is converted to electrical and then chemical energy. •Some of it gets lost as heat or other forms of energy (light) Respiration takes place in animal and plant cells and is the reverse of Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis and Respiration Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide Photosynthesis is the reverse of respiration: Water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen VACUOLE • Vacuoles are “bubbles” that float in the cell • Vacuoles are more important to the survival of plant cells than they are to animal cells VACUOLE CONT’D So, when there is no water…the vacuole shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing holding the plant together. You will know that a plant's vacuoles are shrinking when you see the plant begin to droop over HOLDING UP THE WALLS MITOCHONDRIA • Organelles that release energy from food • This energy is released by breaking down food into carbon dioxide • AKA the powerhouse b/c they release energy from food • Some muscle cells have 20,000 mitochondria CELL MEMBRANE • Outer covering, protective layer around ALL cells • For cells with cell walls,the cell membrane is inside the cell wall • Allows food, oxygen, & water into the cell & waste products out of the cell. Nucleus The “brain” of the cell Controls all of the cellular activities DNA is inside the nucleus Nucleus CHROMOSOMES- are found inside the nucleus carry the information that Chromosomes – determines what traits a living thing will have CHROMOSOMES • contains genetic code that controls cell • made of DNA & proteins Chromosomes have small sections called GENES These are blue print for specific traits or physical Characteristics – hair color, height, shape of ears etc. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid has 4 Nitrogen bases that are arranged in sequences or orders which are responsible for a genetic trait. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA carries the genetic information of a cell Consists of thousands of genes It specifies everything that is needed for the maintenance, function, and replication of the cell It is made up of 4 different bases: (A) adenine (C) cytosine (T) thymine (G) guanine Plant /Animal Cell Definitions Nucleus: The organelle that determines all of a plant’s and animal’s cell activities and produces new cells. Cytoplasm: A jellylike substance that contains many chemicals to keep the cell functioning. Chromosomes: Threadlike structures that contain information about plant or animal. Chloroplasts: Organelles that make food for the plant cell. Cell Membrane: A covering that Vacuole: An organelle that stores food, water, and waste. Large in plants. Small in animals. holds the plant and animal cell together and separates it from surroundings and controls movement into and out of cell. Cell Wall: A rigid layer that supports and protects plant cells. Mitochondria: Organelles that release energy from food. Test over plant/animal organelles Cells produce tissues Tissues produce organs Organs produce organ systems Organs systems produce organisms Tissues, Organs, & Systems • Cells that work together to perform a specific function form a tissue. • Just as cells that work together form a tissue, tissues that work together form an organ. • Organs that work together to perform a function form a system. Example: circulatory system. • Plant cells also form tissues, such as the bark of a tree. And plant cells work together, forming organs, such as roots and leaves. The Circulatory System The Circulatory System The Circulatory System transports oxygen, nutrients and wastes through the blood. The liquid part of the blood is called plasma. Blood leaves the heart through arteries. These lead to Capil aries which are so small that blood cells move through them in single file. Blood also contains platelets, tiny pieces of blood cells inside membranes. The Respiratory System • Air enters the body through nasal passages is filtered, then travels down the trachea. • The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi, which lead to the lungs. • At the end of the bronchi are tiny tubes called aveoli, small air sacs. • Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged in the aveoli and the oxygen rich blood enters the body through the pulmonary veins. The Digestive System • Digestion begins as you chew food. • Glands in your mouth produce saliva to moisten food. • The food passes through the esophagus to the stomach and moves to the small intestine. • Nutrients diffuse through the villi, tiny projections from the intestine, into the blood. The Excretory System • The function of the excretory system is to remove wastes from the body. • Cell wastes include carbon dioxide and ammonia. • The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make up the excretory system. • The body also removes wastes through sweating. Sweat is a salty liquid that evaporates from the skin. Systems Working Together The Skeletal System Bones are organized into a skeleton which support your body. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons tough bands of connective tissue. Bones are attached to each other by ligaments Bands of connective tissue that hold the skeleton together. A human skeleton has 206 bones. Each hand has 26 bones. The skull has 23 bones. The Muscular System • Voluntary Muscles: move bones and hold your skeleton upright. • Smooth Muscles: contract slowly and move substances through the organs they surround. • Cardiac Muscles: make up the walls of the heart. Their function is to pump blood. The Nervous System • The nervous system connects all the tissues and organs to your brain. • It consists of two parts: The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. • The central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord. • The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory organs, such as eyes, ears and body nerves. End part 1