Download Principles of Behavior Modification (PSY333)

Principles of Behavior
Modification (PSY333)
Gary L. Cates, Ph.D., N.C.S.P
Clinical Behavior Therapy
Cognitive Behavior Modification
Cognition: belief, thought, expectancy,
attitude, or perception
• Assumption 1: People respond to events
in terms of their perceived significance.
• Assumption 2: Cognitive deficiencies
cause emotional disorders.
•
√ Goal: Change cognition to make
better adjusted person
Method 1: Cognitive Restructuring
• Substituting rational thoughts and appraisal of
information for irrational or dysfunctional
thinking.
• Ellis: Rational Emotive Therapy (Later REBT)
• Beck: Cognitive Therapy
– Dichotomous Thinking: Absolute terms
– Arbitrary Inference: Faulty conclusions
– Overgeneralization: One failure means failure in
general
– Magnification: Exaggeration
Method 2: Self-instructional
Coping methods
•
•
•
•
Identify internal stimuli that are stress
related
Use them as SD’s to engage in
appropriate self talk
Appropriate self talk through a set of
things to do to relax
Positive self reinforcing statements after
positive self talk
Method 3: Problem-Solving
Methods
• General orientation: Be systematic not
impulsive
• Problem Definition: Be specific
• Generation of alternatives: Brainstorm
solutions
• Decision making: Evaluate the pros and
cons to each alternative and pick the best
one.
• Verification: Keep track of progress (data)
Empirical Evaluation of Ellis
• Reducing self talk: 46%
• Reducing emotional distress: 27%
• Gossette and O’Brien (1992)
√ Effects probably due to homework
assignments, not the challenge of
cognition.
Let’s Add Cognitive Restructuring!
• Let’s not!
– 83% of research suggests it adds nothing!
– Helpful for social anxiety only
Empirical Evaluation of Beck
• No better than a placebo (placebo may be
effective!) [NIMH, 1989]
•
- 55% BT, 52% IPT, 46% CT, 34%
BDPT (Agency for health care policy and
research, 1994)
Behavioral vs. Cognitive
• 83% of pure cognitive had no added
benefit.
√ Cognitive good for social-anxiety and
phobia
Two Points
•
Cognitive techniques rely on rulegoverned behavior
•
Rules control behavior only when linked
to environmental contingencies
Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy
• Agoraphobia: In vivo exposure (group or
individual)
– Cognitive restructuring does not add anything
• OCD: In vivo exposure (65-75%)
– Cognitive (imagining) led by therapist adds to
effectiveness.
• Stress: Relaxation techniques and exercise
• Depression: Exercise is gaining a lot of
momentum
• placebo > no Tx and = to cognitive therapy
• 30-60 minutes 3 times per week
Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy
• Alcohol Problems:
–
–
–
–
–
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Most successful programs use behavioral components such as:
Decreasing reinforcing properties of alcohol
Teaching new skills
Strategies to prevent relapse
Contingency management
SOCIAL SUPPORT IMPORTANT! DRA?
√ Tx good for problem drinkers not as effective for
alcoholics
• Obesity
– Self-monitoring, stimulus control, changing eating behavior,
behavioral contracts
Areas of Clinical Behavior Therapy
• Marital Distress
– Instigation of positive exchanges
– Communication Training
– Problem Solving Training
• Habit Disorders
– Habit reversal (Azrin & Nunn, 1973)
History
Respondent Conditioning
• 1904 Pavlov wins Noble Prize in Medicine
• 1913 J.B. Watson writes Behaviorists
Manifesto
• 1916 Little Albert
• 19 43 Clark Hull: Operant & Respondent
• 1958 Wolpe: reciprocal inhibition
Operant Conditioning
• 1938 Behavior of Organisms
• 1950 Keller & Schoenfield: Principles of
Psychology
• 1953 Science of Human Behavior
– Testing out: Sugar-milk, mmm-hmmm,
Jellybeans – Allyn & Michael (1959).
• 1965 Ullmann & Krasner: 1st bmod book
• 1982 Iwata (Functional Analysis)
Terms
• Behavior Modification: The large over
arching term to describe behavior
principles being used to modify behavior
• Behavior Therapy: Pavlov-wople
orientation with cognitive focus
• Behavior analysis: Operant orientation
(Function)
Ethics in Behavior
Modification
Ethical Issues for Human Services
• Have goals of treatment been adequately
considered?
• Has choice of treatment methods been
adequately considered?
• Clients participation voluntary?
• Subordinate client interests considered?
• Adequacy of treatment been evaluated?
• Confidentiality protected?
• Referrals when necessary?
• Therapist Qualified?
Careers in Behavior
Modification
So you want to be a behavior
modifier/analyst huh?
Schools in behavior analysis
• http://programs.gradschools.com/usa/appli
ed_behavior_analysis.html
• http://www.abainternational.org/sub/behavi
orfield/education/accreditation/index.asp
• Behavioral School Psychology
– Syracuse, MSU, USM, UN-L, UO, ISU?
Interesting Jobs
• Most you need a masters degree
– Certified as behavior analyst & Collect 3rd
party pay
• B.S. Marcus Institute, Kennedy Krieger,
• Ph.D.
– Licensed Psychologist