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Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Transcription Name for the process to change the DNA into a single stranded, new form (RNA) that can carry the same information that was in the DNA. The end product is RNA-ribonucleic acid- and there are three forms of RNA rRNA tRNA mRNA All three forms have some features in common -both single strand and double strand forms -ribose for the sugar in the nucleotide instead of deoxyribose -PO4 -nucleic acids or bases, A, G, C and a new player U for uracil which base does U pair with??? -all made from DNA just different areas See Fig. ____ on pg ____ it is very good and just like replication, the RNA polymerase can only read DNA from 3’ to 5’ and synthesize RNA from5’ to 3’. promoters transcription bubble terminators Post-transcriptional modification-Eukaryotes only 1. 5’ cap 2. polyA tail 3. splicing introns exons Translation- cellular process that converts the mRNA codons into amino acids to build proteins. First let’s practice reading the mRNA into amino acids and then I will outline the process of how it’s done step by step. Look at the sequence of mRNA below and the chart in Fig. ___ on page _____. 5’ AUGCCUAAAGGCGCUGUAUUUCGAAUAUGA 3’ Next let’s look at the transfer RNA(tRNA) : It is a cloverleaf, double stranded is some places with three loops, the bottom loop has three bases called the anticodon. These three bases (the anticodon) is the mechanism for the correct tRNA to pair with the mRNA in the ribosome. At the top (3’ end) there is an amino acid attached to the tRNA Think of the tRNA as a translator, it is the molecule that knows two languages the mRNA language and the amino acid language. The ribosome is the location for protein synthesis, as we learned in Chapter 4, it has two subunits a large and a small. It is made of protein and ribosomal RNA Let’s write the steps first then draw a picture..... 1. mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome, the first tRNA with the complementary anticodon to the mRNA binds to the mRNA. The large subunit binds to this complex. There are three spaces, sites, holes in the large subunit (E,P,A). The first tRNA fills the P site 2. The second tRNA with the complementary anticodon to the mRNA codon fills the A site. 3. A peptide bond is formed between the first amino acid and the second amino acid. 4. The ribosome moves over( translocates) so that the first tRNA is now in the E site and is empty(no a.a.), the second tRNA with the growing a.a. chain is in the P site and the A site is open/available 5. Go back to step 2 and repeat until a stop codon is reached, then the peptide, now a polypeptide on its way to folding into a functional protein is released and the ribosome dissociates. Mutation Any change to the DNA, most have little to no immediate effect Why? Point mutations Base substitution misssense \ nonsense Frame shift mutations-shift in the reading frame, shortened protein or nonfunctional protein