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Announcements Today (Wednesday) – quiz on Chpt 2 of ECB HW #3, Assigned today, due next Wednesday; Chpt 3 of ECB Today’s Lecture: Anne on Ribosome; Paul on Applications of DNA: Forensics, FISH, DNA “chips” Last time: I assigned you read “Predictable Packaging,” by Tim Richmond Commentary about Widom et al, Nature, 2006 and to write-up a ½-1 page summary! (Due next Monday). Do NOT do this. Instead focus on: Due on Monday: Your article on what you will give your talk and research paper. Turn in the original research paper; also turn in the title of a review paper that gives background on the general subject; also, the title(s) a general (biophysics) book/web pages (e.g. Wikipedia pages) that gives a more general background. In general, an original research article has LOTS of terminology that you must learn first, before you even have a hope of understanding it! You can pick articles from Nature, Science, Cell. You do NOT need to pick from these, but it does assure you that the article is important ½ pg write-up. Including why it’s of interest to you, why it’s generally of “widespread” interest. Thursday, 4 pm, Rm 141 Loomis– Physics Colloquium—Me! Quiz #2: ECB Chpt 2 the gain or loss 1. Ionic bonds are formed by ________________of electrons by an atom. Covalent bonds form by ________________ of electrons. the sharing 2. Cells contain four major families of small organic molecules, what are they? 1.____________ 2. nucleotides __________________3. ________________4. __________ Sugars fatty acids amino acids 3. Each family in question #2 (above) can be used for 3 things. They are: __________________________________________________________ 1. 3. An energy source Storage of information 2. Signalling 4. The __________ bilayer forms the structural basis for all cell membranes. lipid 5. In order to make long polymers of sugar, two monomers can be brought together by enzymes such that their hydroxyl groups (-OH) couple together. This catalysis is condensation an example of a ____________________ reaction. Anne Cai, my TA, presents on Translation and the Ribosome Translation Stages in translation • • • • Initiation Elongation Termination Recycling Initiation • mRNA binds to small subunit of the ribosome (30S) • fMet-tRNA binds to the P site of the ribosome • Initiation factors (IF1, IF2 and IF3) help to assemble the initiation complex. Elongation Termination and Recycling Ref: Thomas A. Steitz, A structural understanding of the dynamic ribosome machine. Natue Reviews Molecular cell biology, Volume 9, 243. (2008) • • • • • IF1, IF2 and IF3: initiation factors EF-Tu and EF-G: elongation factors RF1, RF2 and RF3: release factors RRF: ribosome recycling/release factor GTP: Guanosine triphosphate Discussion of movie on translation: (Venki Ramakrishnan's, 2009 Nobel Prize Winner) home page. http://www.mrclmb.cam.ac.uk/ribo/homepage/mov_and_overview.html The movie is actually pretty long including the initiation, elongation, termination and recycling stage. (Paul’s turn:) Intro to DNA Forensics Every person has their own, unique DNA (except for twins). A person can be “tagged” with their DNA. If your blood, semen is found you’re in trouble. Your genes found in a kid parent. You’re killed in war/car accident and can only recognize you from your DNA. Don’t have to completely sequence their DNA. Can find certain regions. Just enough –say 13 different ones– that chances that another person has exactly the same set is 1 in a trillion. DNA in the Cell chromosome cell nucleus Double stranded DNA molecule Target Region for PCR Individual nucleotides Polymerase Chain Reaction. what is it? Invented 1990; Nobel Prize in 1993: Kary Mullis PCR, stands for? DNA Amplification with the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ 3’ 3’ 5’ 5’ Starting DNA Template Separate strands (denature) Forward primer 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ Make copies Add primers (extend primers) 5’ (anneal) 3’ 3’ 5’ Reverse primer PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Copies DNA Exponentially through Multiple Thermal Cycles Original DNA target region 1 copy Heat Oligo’s DNA Polymerase dNTP Cool In 32 cycles at 100% efficiency, Heat Cool 2 copies Heat 4 copies … ?? billion copies are created 1.07 To work, what property of DNA polymerase have to have? New bugsinland up in court ... Microorganisms hot HeatScientists stable (1998)…Yellowstone's so don’t have to add new polymerase for everyfrom cycle springs are especially valuable because their enzymes are not easily destroyed by heat. ... Thermostable organisms, e.g. living in Yellowstone Geysers have this. Class evaluation 1. What was the most interesting thing you learned in class today? 2. What are you confused about? 3. Related to today’s subject, what would you like to know more about? 4. Any helpful comments. Answer, and turn in at the end of class.