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Protein Synthesis Essential Question Activating Strategy How does DNA code for making proteins (protein synthesis) and how is this process essential to life? DNA complementary base pairs: ATGC RNA complementary base pairs: AUGC Transcribe the following DNA strand to RNA: ATGGCTATCTAA UACCGAUAGAUU Transcription- the process of making mRNA from DNA’s instructions 1. Enzymes unzip the molecule of DNA by breaking what specific bond? Hydrogen bond 2. Free RNA nucleotides attach to one exposed strand of DNA 3. The sugar-phosphate backbone bonds. This time is uses _helicase_ instead of deoxy-ribose. 4. The mRNA breaks away as the DNA strands rejoin. The DNA returns to its original state_ 5. mRNA leaves the ____nucleus____ and enters the _cytoplasm_. It is headed to a _ribosomes_. - mRNA carries a genetic message (a sequence of _nucleotides that instruct how to build proteins_) - amino acids make up the proteins_ - there are only _20_ common amino acids in the world Codon = a sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases that match with a specific amino acid Example: The RNA strand AUGUAAAUU is actually the following three codons: _AUG__ _UAA__ _AUU_. The order of the nitrogenous bases in the mRNA determines the type and order of the amino acids in a protein. There are _64_ possible codons but only _20_ Possible Amino Acids Stop codons = _UAA UAG UGA Start codon = _AUG (Methionine or Met)_ More than one codon can code for the same amino acid BUT for any one codon, there can only by one amino acid!!! The genetic code is _universal_. (i.e. all organisms use this code and follow it to make proteins) Translation = the process of making proteins from amino acids using the instructions written on mRNA Translation happens in the _cytoplasm_ at the _ribosomes_. 1. The strand of mRNA attaches to the ribosome_. 2. A tRNA_ molecule brings the first amino acid to the mRNA strand that is attached to the ribosome. 3. A tRNA _anticodon_ pairs with the first mRNA codon temporarily. What is the first mRNA codon? _AUG_ Anticodon = region if tRNA that is complementary (or reverse) to the codon of the mRNA. This is where attaches. 4. _AUG_ signals the start of protein production. 5. The __ribosome__ slides along the mRNA to the next _codon_. 6. A new _tRNA_ carrying an _amino_ _acid_ pairs with the second mRNA codon. 7. The first and second amino bond together in a peptide bond. 8. This process continues joining amino acids until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA strand. 9. The amino acid strand (now an amino acid chin ) is released from the ribosome. 10. Once released the Amino Acid Chain folds into a protein (tertiary structure!) Comparison of Replication and Transcription DNA Replication DNA Transcription 1. DNA to DNA 2. DNA is permanently split and now has a parent and daughter strand 3. final product prepares cells for division but remains in the nucleus (b/c DNA never leaves) 1. DNA to RNA 2. DNA returns to original state 3. final product shoots out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to make proteins at the ribosomes Assessment Prompt: Using the Codon Chart determine the amino acid that matches the given codons below. ACU- thr. AUG- met CCC-pro TAT- lle GCA-ala UGA- stop GGU- gly CAT- val