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1 2 Cell Theory • All know living things are made up of cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things • All cells come from preexisting cells • Clip 3 Robert Hooke-1665 • First to see cells. • First to use the word • “cells”- named for the places that monks sleep in monastery Built first microscope 4 Theodor Schwann 1839 Concluded that all animals are made up of cells Matthias Schleiden 1839 Concluded that all plant cells are made up of cells 5 Two basic Types of Cells 6 Prokaryotic Cells DO HAVE • Cell membrane • Ribosomes • DNA DO NOT HAVE • Organelles • Nucleus •Are all singled celled organisms. •Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came 1st! 7 Eukaryotic Cells • Have organelles. • Singled-celled or multicellular organisms! • 2 Types: Plant and Animal 8 9 Basic Cell Structure • Cells come in many different shapes and sizes. • Like bricks in a building, cells make up all living things • Clip 10 The Cell Membrane • The outside of ALL cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids. • Nickname: “The gatekeeper” 11 Membrane Structure • There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane that help get things into and out of the cells. • They also help to get messages into the cell. 12 The Membrane is a lipid bilayer. 13 Cell Wall • Found in Plant, Fungi, and Bacteria Cells • Provides support and protection • In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose. 14 The Cytoplasm • jelly-like substance • contains all of the organelles 15 Organelles in the Cytoplasm • Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job. • Each organelle has its own job! • Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!! 16 What’s an organelle? • Organelle mean “tiny organ.” • Organelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!! 17 18 Nucleus-The Control Center • “The Brain” • Contains the DNA • DNA controls which proteins get made-and when! • Where ribosomes are made 19 Nucleus (Continued) • has a phospholipid • • bilayer around it nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus 20 21 Ribosomes • Not technically an organelles. • Nickname: “protein maker” • They help put the amino acids together to make proteins. • Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA • website 22 Endoplasmic Reticulum • Membrane • system function = protein synthesis and transport. thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis. 23 Two types of ER • Smooth – No attached ribosomes • Rough – Attached ribosomes 24 25 Golgi Apparatus • Nickname: “UPS” • Packages molecules • • and sends them to their destination. Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER. Website Let’s Review 27 Vacuoles • packages of material that are being stored and transported •Plants usually have one large one •Animals generally have many small ones. 28 Lysosomes • Nickname “Recycling Center” • Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules. 29 30 Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis in plants. 31 Cytoskeleton • Gives cells their shape. • Contain proteins: microtubules (shape) and microfilaments (movement). 32 Mitochondria • Nickname: • • • “Powerhouse” Site of ATP production ATP is the universal energy molecule Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP. • Website 33 Vacuole Chloroplast Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Cell wall Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrian Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell 34 Organelles of the Cell Clip Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrian Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus Animal Cell 35 Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Clip 36 Levels of Organization • Cells make up tissues. • Tissues make up Organs. • Organs make up organ systems.