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DNA Replication DNA Replication • The process of copying/synthesizing DNA • 3 Step process Step 1- Unzip DNA • DNA chains are separated by helicase. • – Helicase = enzyme that breaks the Hydrogen bond between bases. Step 2 - Assembly • DNA polymerase builds a new DNA chain on the old DNA. • • One complementary nucleotide is added at a time. – Base-pairing rules apply! (G-C A-T) Step 3 – Identical DNA Molecules!!! • Only 1 side of the DNA molecules is new!! - ½ of the DNA is new and ½ of the DNA is old! DNA REPLICATION replication fork, helicase, nucleus, complete, DNA polymerase, old, new, identical, hydrogen, A, C, nucleotides DNA replication occurs in the 1___ of cells. The DNA is replicated so that when a cell divides, each daughter cell receives a 2___ copy of genetic material. The enzyme 3___ begins by breaking the 4___ bonds between complementary bases (5__ with T, and 6__ with G) on opposite strands of DNA. New 7___ are added to each original strand by the enzyme 8___. As helicase moves along the DNA strand, the 9__ continues to widen and new unpaired nucleotides are added. The new (daughter) DNA strand can be continually built as complementary nucleotides (bases) are added by DNA polymerase. This process builds a 10___ DNA chain onto the 11__ DNA. The DNA is thus completely replicated and now there are 2 genetically 12___ DNA molecules in place of the original DNA. DNA REPLICATION 9-replication fork, 3-helicase, 1-nucleus, 2-complete, 8-DNA polymerase, 11-old, 10-new, 12-identical, hydrogen, 5-A, 6-C, 7-nucleotides DNA replication occurs in the 1___ of cells. The DNA is replicated so that when a cell divides, each daughter cell receives a 2___ copy of genetic material. The enzyme 3___ begins by breaking the 4___ bonds between complementary bases (5__ with T, and 6__ with G) on opposite strands of DNA. New 7___ are added to each original strand by the enzyme 8___. As helicase moves along the DNA strand, the 9__ continues to widen and new unpaired nucleotides are added. The new (daughter) DNA strand can be continually built as complementary nucleotides (bases) are added by DNA polymerase. This process builds a 10___ DNA chain onto the 11__ DNA. The DNA is thus completely replicated and now there are 2 genetically 12___ DNA molecules in place of the original DNA. What happens if an error occurs? • Approximately only one error occurs for every billion paired nucleotides added. • When mistakes in DNA replication do occur, the base sequence of a DNA molecule is of an important gene and disrupt an important cell function. DNA RNA • • • • • • • • • • Double Helix Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate Base A-T C-G Single helix Ribose sugar Phosphate Base A-U C-G RNA Structure and Function • • • • • Types of RNA Cells have three major types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) RNA Structure and Function • mRNA carries the genetic “message” from the nucleus to the cytosol. • rRNA is the major component of ribosomes. • tRNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides. Transcription • During transcription, DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA. Genetic Code • The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each three-nucleotide mRNA codon. Genetic Code • Steps of Translation – During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA. – As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. – The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released. Translation Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-K8Y0ATkkAI Name: 1. Where are the instructions making proteins located in the body? 2. Where does a gene, that codes for an RNA molecule begin and end? region & region 3. What are the two processes of gene expression & where are they located? a) ; located: b) ; located: 4. What enzyme is used to make an RNA molecule? 5. Do introns or exons code for proteins? (Circle one) 6. What is it called when introns are removed from the RNA? 7. Where does the mRNA go to begin translation? 8. What brings the anticodons & amino acids to the RNA during translation? 9. Which codons code for start and stop? Write start and stop next to the matching codons. AUG UGA 11. What is the purpose of translation? UAG UAA