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Transcript
Cell Division and The Cell Cycle MITOSIS ANIMATION Process of Cell Division Cell Life Cycle •G1 phase •S phase •G2 phase •Mitotic Phase Interphase Cell division Think of interphase as the active life of the cell, towards the middle of the phase, it copies its DNA and prepares to divide…… INTERPHASE • active period in life of a cell – – – – biochemical reactions protein synthesis cellular differentiation preparation for division •muscle cells work as muscle cells • nerve cells as nerve cells •liver cells as liver cells… Parts of Interphase • G1 • S • G2 Parts of Interphase G1 “Growth phase” • cells are performing their assigned tasks, metabolizing, synthesizing etc Parts of Interphase G1 “Growth phase” S “synthesis phase” • DNA molecules are copied or replicated • Result: two copies of the cell’s DNA Parts of Interphase G1 “Growth phase” S “synthesis phase” G2 “Growth Phase 2” • cell is preparing for the actual division events (much protein synthesis). Interphase Summary • Cell performing its job • Preparing for division • DNA not tightly packaged into chromosomes (WHY?) MITOTIC PHASES • • • • Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Prophase • What’s happening to the DNA? – Condensing into chromosomes Metaphase • What’s happening to the DNA? – Chromosomes lining up in the center of the cell – Spindle fibers attach to centromeres Anaphase • What’s happening to the DNA? – Spindle fibers are pulling chromosomes apart to opposite sides of the cell (towards centrioles) Telophase / Cytokinesis • What’s happening to the DNA? – Chromosomes at separate sides of the cell – Cell membrane forms between 2 daughter cells Animal Cell Cytokinesis • plasma membrane at the equator is pulled inwards until it meets in the center of the cell • process guided by actin microfilaments Cell Division in Plants • Plant cells have no centrioles • Cytokinesis Plant Cell Cytokinesis • CELL PLATE: – formed by vesicles from Golgi fusing at equator of cell (composition of cell wall??) – Cell membrane is formed by the membrane of the vesicles (composition of membrane??) MITOSIS IN A PLANT CELL MITOSIS IN AN ANIMAL CELL DNA in Mitosis • Copy chromosomes to form sister chromatids DNA in Mitosis • Copy chromosomes to form sister chromatids • Chromosomes line up single-file at median DNA in Mitosis • Copy chromosomes to form sister chromatids • Chromosomes line up single-file at median • Sister chromatids pulled apart Mitosis Animation Chromosomes Phases of Mitosis Identification Stopping Cell Division • Anchorage-dependent: needs to be attached to a surface • Density dependent: stop dividing when they hit other cells Cell Cycle Checkpoints Growth factor Plasma membrane Receptor protein Signal transduction pathway Relay proteins G1 checkpoint Control system G1 M S G2 Consequences of Mitotic Mistakes Cancer • Uncontrolled cell division BENIGN MALIGNANT METASTASIZED Lymph vessels Tumor Blood vessel Glandular tissue A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. Cancer cells invade Neighboring tissue. Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of the body. HeLa Cells Mitosis Review • Growth • Replacement of cells • Asexual Reproduction • Identical Cells