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Transcript
Fluorescent Stained Cell Generic Cell Prison Cell I. Cell Theory (a relatively young concept) A. All living things are made up of cells - Life must be separated from its environment to be an “open system” B. Cells only come from other living cells - Spontaneous Generation does not take place II. Size Restriction of Cells A. Cells must stay small to maintain a high surface area to low volume ratio 1. High Surface Area - required for sufficient food and gas exchange 2. Low Volume -a cell can “out grow” its ability to provide food and oxygen for its volume Bioflicks: The Cell III. Cell Types Prokaryotic Organisms Bacteria vs. Eukaryotic Plant, Animal, Fungi (multicellular organisms) & Protists (mostly unicellular) DNA Organelles Circular; One DNA Strand; No “packaging”; nucleoid region Ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles Linear; Many DNA strands; “packaged”, bound by a nuclear membrane Membrane bound organelles, “membranes inside membranes’ IV. Importance of “Membranes within Membranes” A. Increases surface area for important metabolic activities B. Provides localized environmental conditions for specific metabolic process C. Allows specialized division of labor 1) Within an individual cell 2) Within a multicellular organism IV. Grouping Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy Chart Organelle Nucleus Genetics (Transfers genes into proteins) Nucleolus Ribosomes Function Structure A/P/B Grouping Organelle Nucleus Function “Control Center” Contains the DNA codes to make protein Genetics (Transfers genes into proteins) Structure Nuclear Membrane A/P/B B DNA / Chromatin Chromosomes Nucleolus Contains the DNA code to make ribosomes Appears as a dark spots in nucleus. B Cells may have more than one Ribosomes Site of Protein Synthesis Made of RNA: 2 Types a) Bound: Found on ER, Protein made for export b) Free: Found loose in cytoplasm, Protein made for cell 1. Larger part and smaller part B 2. The two parts join only when making protein Grouping Organelle Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Endo- lumen – opening/space inside a tube Membrane Complex (All exchange membrane parts) Golgi Apparatus (Bodies) Lysosomes Vesicles Vacuoles Function Hollow tube-like network Isolates many metabolic activities 1. Smooth – no ribosomes, metabolism of lipids, sugars, toxins 2. Rough – with ribosomes, metabolism of proteins Structure A/P/B Outer membrane Inner hollow space (Cisternea) B Packages and modifies proteins for export out of cell Separate entering and exit sites B Membrane bound sack of powerful enzymes for cellular digestion of macromolecules (like lipids, proteins) & organelles Membrane encloses enzymes A Membranes that “bud off” and fuse B Transport “bubbles” that carries materials from ER to Golgi to outside of cell Storage sites for food, water & waste Large in plants (Central Vacuole) Membrane surrounds the stored “stuff” B Grouping Cyto- Organelle Microtubules Skeleton Centrosome Centrioles Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments Function Maintains shape of cell Aids in Movement 1. Flagella 2. Cilia 3. Vesicles Microtubule Organizing Center (MOC) Cell division Shape, Anchorage, Maintains shape of cell Aids in movement 1. Make up muscle fibers (actin and myosin) 2. Amoeboid Movement 3. Cytoplasmic streaming Structure A/P/B Small globular proteins that are easily rearranged as needed B 9 + 2 arrangement Nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring A Keratin fibers permanent B Small structural proteins (actin fibers) B Grouping Organelle Cell Wall Cell Surface (separates inside from outside) Cell Membrane (Plasma) Extracellular matrix (ECM) Plasmodesmata Function Support and Protection Non-living Made of Cellulose Controls what goes in / out of cell Semi-permeable Communication & Signaling, Structure Channels through cell walls that link to other plant cells Structure Primary: Thin Secondary: Thick, forms after the primary Phospholipids and protein A/P/B P B Glycoproteins, collagen, proteoglycans (3 D Link) Perforated “holes” A P Communication between cells Tight Junctions Desmosomes Prevents leakage into cells Anchors cells to each other “Rivets” Gap Junctions Channels through cells that link to other animal cells Fused membranes forming a continuous belt A Intermediate filaments of keratin A Special membranes surround pores A Grouping Organelle Mitochondria Energy TransFormation Chloroplast Peroxisomes Function Parts Powerhouse of the cell Site of cell respiration Converts glucose to ATP 2 membranes inner outer Photosynthesis / Food production One of the Plastid group a. Amyloplast – Store Amylose b. Chromoplast – Color pigments Generate and degrade H2O2 for oxidation of fats and detoxification 2 membranes inner outer Crystalline core Catalase Video: Animal Cell Video: Plant Cell http://www.studiodaily.com/main/technique/tprojects/6850.html A/P/B B P B Structure of the Cell Wall Slide 8 Extracellular Matrix Slide 8 Microtubules and Movement 1. Microtubules move by “walking” against each other 2. Organelles can move by “walking” on a microtubule Slide 6 Microfilaments: Small Interactions, Big Results 1. Microfilaments found in Muscle Cells 2. 3. Microfilaments allow Amoeboid Movement Cytoplasmic Streaming: Cytoplasmic movement within a cell Slide 6 Microtubule Skeletons Slide 6 A Typical Prokaryotic Cell Slide 2 Typical Animal Cell Slide 3 Plant Cell Slide 5 Slide 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 Slide 9 Typical Plant Cell Animal Cell Slide 5 Slide 6 Slide 8 Slide 9 Structure of the Nucleus Slide 4 The Structure of the Ribosomes Bound ribosomes Slide 4 The Structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Slide 5 Slide 6 The Structure of the Golgi Apparatus Slide 6 Hydrolytic Digestion in Lysosomes Digestion of a Food Vacuole Formation of a lysosome Digestion of an Organelle (Autophagy) Slide 6 Vesicles: The Transport Link of the Endomembrane Organelles Vesicles Slide 5 The Structure of the Mitochondria Slide 9 Peroxisomes Slide 9 Structure of the Chloroplast Slide 9 A Comparison of the Cytoskeleton Components Slide 7 Pasteur’s Method of disproving Spontaneous Generation Slide 2 Slide 6 Slide 6 Slide 5 Slide 10 Slide 4 Relative Sizes as Compared to Typical Cells Slide 2 The Relationship of Surface Area and Volume Slide 2 Intermediate Filaments Slide Slide 7 Centrosome Structure Slide 7 Plasmodesmata Slide 8 Animation Animation Animation Slide 8 Meet the Plastid Family Chloroplast that have not been exposed to light Tomato pulp / skin Pigment production and storage Elodea leaf Photosynthesis Resin and sap synthesis Potato cells Starch storage Fat synthesis and storage Protein Storage Gravitropism Slide 9