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• A change in genetic material – usually the DNA • A change in genetic material – usually the DNA • Spontaneous and random; resulting from chance and not as a response to need. • A change in genetic material – usually the DNA • Spontaneous and random; resulting from chance and not as a response to need. • Rate of mutations occurring can be increased by environmental factors – exposure to mutagens. • A change in genetic material – usually the DNA • Spontaneous and random; resulting from chance and not as a response to need. • Rate of mutations occurring can be increased by environmental factors – exposure to mutagens. • Mutagens can be physical – radiation, or chemical – formaldehyde. • Mutations can involve whole genes when parts of a chromosome are deleted, repeated, or trans located to other chromosomes. • Mutations can involve who genes when parts of a chromosome are deleted, repeated, or trans located to other chromosomes. - Deleted mutations • Mutations can involve who genes when parts of a chromosome are deleted, repeated, or trans located to other chromosomes. - Deleted mutations - Repeated mutations • Mutations can involve who genes when parts of a chromosome are deleted, repeated, or trans located to other chromosomes. - Deleted mutations - Repeated mutations - Translocation • Mutations can involve who genes when parts of a chromosome are deleted, repeated, or trans located to other chromosomes. - Deleted mutations - Repeated mutations - Translocation • These mutations can remove alleles from the gene pool, or produce different combinations of alleles. • Mutations can involve who genes when parts of a chromosome are deleted, repeated, or trans located to other chromosomes. - Deleted mutations - Repeated mutations - Translocation • These mutations can remove alleles from the gene pool, or produce different combinations of alleles. • Can involve the addition of whole chromosomes (Eg – Down’s syndrome, extra chromosome pair at 21. Total number of chromosomes is now 47) • Can involve the addition of whole chromosomes (Eg – Down’s syndrome, extra chromosome pair at 21. Total number of chromosomes is now 47) • Removal of whole chromosomes (Eg – Turner’s syndrome. An individual only has one sex chromosome instead of two (X). • Can involve the addition of whole chromosomes (Eg – Down’s syndrome, extra chromosome pair at 21. Total number of chromosomes is now 47) • Removal of whole chromosomes (Eg – Turner’s syndrome. An individual only has one sex chromosome instead of two (X). • This is known as aneuploidy – when an individual has more or less than the diploid number (in humans it is 46) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efstlgoynlk • Also known as point mutations – involve changes to the bases in the DNA sequence = they occur within a gene. • http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/ • Also known as point mutations – involve changes to the bases in the DNA sequence = they occur within a gene. • A change in the base sequence then results = producing a new allele. • Also known as point mutations – involve changes to the bases in the DNA sequence = they occur within a gene. • A change in the base sequence then results = producing a new allele. • 3 bases are called a triplet – these code for an amino acid – which make up proteins. ** Any change in the bases making a triplet can change the amino acid – changing the protein and so on. • Also known as point mutations – involve changes to the bases in the DNA sequence = they occur within a gene. • A change in the base sequence then results = producing a new allele. • 3 bases are called a triplet – these code for an amino acid – which make up proteins. ** Any change in the bases making a triplet can change the amino acid – changing the protein and so on. • If the protein changed from a point mutation is an enzyme, it might not be able to act as a catalyst. Gene Enzyme Substance X Melanin Skin Pigment • A mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme needed to convert substance X to melanin means the enzyme’s structure is changed so it can no longer catalyse the reaction. Melanin can’t be made, so the skin lacks pigment (albino) Gene Enzyme faulty Substance X No Skin Pigment (albino) • http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/genetic.htm • If a mutation occurs in the cells that form gametes, the mutated allele enters the gene pool of the population and becomes subject to natural selection. • If a mutation occurs in the cells that form gametes, the mutated allele enters the gene pool of the population and becomes subject to natural selection. • If this new allele is beneficial (enhancing survival and reproductive success) then it will be selected for and the frequency will increase in the gene pool. • If a mutation occurs in the cells that form gametes, the mutated allele enters the gene pool of the population and becomes subject to natural selection. • If this new allele is beneficial (enhancing survival and reproductive success) then it will be selected for and the frequency will increase in the gene pool.