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Protein Synthesis Notes
Protein Synthesis
= to make proteins
Translation
= process of making proteins
- decodes RNA to make chain of amino acids
- chain of amino acids makes a PROTEIN
- Location: cytoplasm
Process of Translation
1)
2)
3)
4)
mRNA attaches to ribosome
tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome
Amino acids attached to each other
Continues until a “stop” codon is reached
Making Proteins
- Proteins = long chain of amino acids
- Code is read 3 letters at a time
Codon
= sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA & RNA
- Nucleotides = building blocks of nucleic acids
- Each set of 3 codes for a specific amino acid
- Example: AUG-CGU-AAC-UGA
- Start codon = begin making amino acid chain
- AUG – Methionine
- Stop codon = stop making amino acid chain
- UAG, UAA, or UGA
Review: Types of RNA in Translation
Type of RNA
Messenger RNA
Abbreviation
mRNA
Function
Carry copies of instructions
for making proteins
Ribosomal RNA
rRNA
Makes up ribosomes
Transfer RNA
tRNA
Brings specific amino acids to
ribosome according to mRNA
instructions
Chromosomal Mutation Notes
Chromosomal Mutation
= change in the # or structure of chromosomes
- Chromosomes = supercoiled strands of DNA in the nucleus
4 Types of Mutations:
1) Inversion
= segment of chromosome breaks off & is reinserted in
the same place but in reverse direction
- Problems: increased risk of miscarriages
2) Translocation
= one of 2 homologous chromosomes breaks & binds to
the other
- Problems: cancer & infertility (can be very deadly)
3) Deletion
= Lose portion of chromosome
- Problem: Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
- Caused by a missing part of the short arm
of chromosome 4 in humans
4) Duplication
= portion chromosome copied, resulting in extra genetic
material
- Problem: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
- Description: Progressive loss of muscle tissue &
touch sensation across various parts of the body