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Transcript
Ch. 11 Review Sheet Functions of the skeletal system Your body’s frame work is the skeletal system 5 main roles Provides support Protects internal organs Allows your body to move Stores and produces materials that your body needs Support and Protection Skeleton is made up of all the bones in your body Gives basic shape and provides support as you move around throughout the day The center of your skeleton is your backbone Consists of 33 bones called vertebrae. Vertebrae supports your head and gives flexibility to your neck and back Support and Protection Ribs and breast bone provide a protective cage around your heart and lungs Your backbone protects your spinal cord Your skull protects your brain. Movement Skeletal system allows you to move. Bones and Joints Skeletal system is made up of just over 200 bones. Joint is where two or more bones come together. Bones and joints work together every time you move. Development of Bones Your bones are living structures that undergo change throughout your life. As a newborn your bones were made of cartilage, a tough supportive tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone. By young adulthood, most of this cartilage is replaced by bone in a process called ossification. Development of Bones During ossification, minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, are deposited within the developing bone, making it hard. After ossification, cells in the bones continue to maintain and repair the tissue Development of Bones After ossification, cells in the bones continue to maintain and repair the tissue. When a bone is broken, cells would form new tissue to fill the gap between the broken ends. Eventually, the healed region containing new bone might be stronger than the original bone. Structure of Bones Bones consist of two different types of tissue, spongy and compact. Marrow fills the spaces in bones. Structure of Bones There are two types of marrow, red and yellow. Red marrow, found in the spaces of some spongy bone, produces many types of blood cells. On average, red marrow produces 100 billion blood cells every day. Yellow marrow, which can be found in the hollow centers of long bones, stores fat. Joints Allow for movement and protect bones from friction and force. Some joints are immovable, such as your skull. Most joints are moveable. Four different types of moveable joints. Pivot joint Gliding joint Ball-and-Socket joint Hinge joint Joints Pivot Joint: Connects your head to the first vertebra in your backbone. It allows you to turn your head from side to side. Gliding Joint: Allow movements in many directions as the bones slide along each other. Wrists and ankles contain gliding joints. Joints Ball-and-Socket joint: Allows movement in all directions. Shoulders and hips are examples. Hinge Joint: Allows bending and straightening movements. Knees and elbows are examples. Joints Bones are held together at joints by strong, fibrous bands called ligaments. A smooth layer of tough cartilage cushions and protects the ends of bones where they meet. Keeping Healthy Eating Well Adequate intake of Calcium and Phosphorus Potassium, magnesium, vitamins A, C, and D are also important for bone growth Exercising Builds strong bones and prevents osteoporosis. Activities where bones support the entire weight of your body help your bones grow strong and dense. Dancing, running, racquet sports, soccer, basketball, and lacrosse. Avoiding Bone Injuries One common injury of the skeletal system is a fracture, a break in a bone. Simple Fracture- the bone may be cracked or completely broken in two pieces. Compound Fracture- the broken ends of the bone pierce the skin. Fractures are treated by putting the two broken ends back together. Avoiding Joint Injuries Your bones and joints are still developing. Some injuries can lead/cause permanent damage. Proper warm-up and stretching exercises are important to help prevent joint injuries. Four types of joint injury: Sprains Dislocations Torn Cartilage Overuse injuries Sprains An overstretched or torn ligament. Treatment may include ice to reduce swelling and pain relievers. Severe sprains may require a brace or surgery. Dislocations The ends of the bones in a joint are forced out of their normal positions. Treatment includes putting the bones back into their proper positions and held in place by a cast or bandage until the joint heals. Torn Cartilage Series damage to the cartilage between the bones in a joint. Knees are particularly susceptible to this injury. Overuse Injuries When an activity is performed too often or too strenuously, joints may become irritated and inflamed. Muscle in your Body Three types of muscle in your body: ◦ Smooth muscle ◦ Cardiac muscle ◦ Skeletal muscle Some are involuntary, which means they are not consciously controlled. Other muscles are voluntary, which means they can be consciously controlled. Types of Muscle Smooth muscle: ◦ Involuntary and causes movements within the body. ◦ Wall of your esophagus and intestines. ◦ Blood vessels- help circulate your blood. Cardiac muscle: ◦ Involuntary, and is found only in the heart. ◦ Allows your heart to beat and pump blood. Types of muscle Skeletal muscle: ◦ Muscles controlled to do activities (voluntary). ◦ Attached to the bones of your skeleton. ◦ A thick strand of tissue called a tendon attaches a muscle to a bone. ◦ Which type of muscle helps you move your jaw to chew your food? How muscle works All muscles do work by contracting, or becoming shorter and thicker. Muscle cells, which are often called fibers, contract when they receive a nerve message to do so. Muscle Tone When a skeletal muscle is not contracting to cause movement, a few of its individual muscle fibers are still contracting. Muscle’s that cannot contract due to injury, or are not used often, will weaken and shrink, A condition known as ATROPHY. Keeping Healthy Like your bones, your muscles get stronger the more you use them. Working your muscles Some types of exercise increases a muscle’s endurance How long it can contract without tiring. Other exercises, such as lifting weights, make individual fibers grow, which causes the muscles to thicken and increase in strength. Working your muscles Anabolic steroids, artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone. Avoiding muscle Injuries Strains a painful injury that may happen when muscles are overworked or stretched too much or too quickly. Sometimes muscle fibers rip, resulting in a torn muscle. Tendonitis Overuse of tendons which leads to painful swelling and irritation. Tennis elbow is an example. Avoiding Muscle Injuries Treatment usually includes rest, over-the-counter pain medication, and ice packs. Your Nervous System What is the Nervous system It receives information about what is going on inside and outside of your body. Then it processes the information and forms a response to it. Neuron Structure Neuron’s carry messages, or impulses, from one part of your body to another. They consist of 3 basic parts: dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. The junction where one neuron sends impulses to another neuron or another type of cell is called a synapse. Types of Neurons Sensory Neuron: ◦ Information about your external and internal environment is gathered by sensory neurons through your sense organs or other parts of your body. ◦ Phone ringing is one example. Interneuron's Located only in the brain and spinal cord, they pass impulses from one neuron to another. When your phone rings inter neurons receive the messages from your sensory neuron’s about the ringing noise. Motor Neurons By command of other neurons, motor neurons send nerve impulses to muscles and glands. With the example of your ringing phone, interneuron's signaled thousands of motor neurons. The motor neurons then signaled your muscles to pick up the phone. Axon, Dendrite, Cell body, Myelin Sheath, Synapse. Central Nervous System The nervous system consists of two major divisions-the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS is the control center of the body. It includes the brain and the spinal cord. The brain Moist, spongy organ that weighs about 3 pounds. There are 3 major regions of the brain-the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. The spinal cord A thick column of nerve tissue that links the brain to most of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system. Protected by vertebrae of the backbone. Nerve impulses travel from the brain, through the spinal cord, and then out to the rest of the body via spinal nerves. In the opposite direction, impulses travel from parts of your body via spinal nerves to the spinal cord, and then to the brain. Reflexes An automatic response to your environment is called a reflex. In some reflex action, the actions of the skeletal muscles are controlled by the spinal cord onlynot the brain. This helps protect your body from harm because they enable you to react very quickly. Peripheral Nervous system Includes the network of nerves that link the rest of your body to your brain and spinal cord The spinal cord is a thick column of nerve tissue that links the brain to most of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system. Nerve impulses travel from the brain, through the spinal cord, and then out to the rest of the body via spinal nerves. The vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord. The Central Nervous System: Reflexes… Reflex is an automatic response of the nervous system to the environment. › Help protect your body › Spinal cord response › Reaches brain = PAIN Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves that branch out from your brain and spinal cord. › Sensory Division › Motor Division A nerve is a bundle or bundles of axons packaged with connective tissue. The PNS carries info to the central nervous system, and carries that response to the rest of the body. The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory Division… Carry information from the external “outside environment” to the brain. › Ears, eyes, & other sense organs Sensory nerves deliver the information about the smell to the brain. Also, carries info from internal body conditions. › Blood pressure, heart rate Both internal & external send information to the Central Nervous System. (CNS) The Peripheral Nervous System: Motor Division… Once the central nervous system (CNS) processes the information from the sensory nerves, the motor division carries the response back to muscles. › SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM › AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM The Peripheral Nervous System: Motor DivisionSomatic Nervous System… Motor nerves carry signals that control voluntary actions › Chewing food, putting on a sock, raising your hand in class. The Peripheral Nervous System: Motor DivisionAutonomic Nervous System… Motor nerves here regulate things your do automatically… without thinking. › breathing rate, digestion › Crying, Keeping Healthy › Severe bumps to the head could cause your brain tissue to hit the skull, causing a concussion A severe brain injury from trauma, disease, or drugs could possibly result in a coma, or a prolonged period of unconsciousness. Avoiding spinal injuries Spinal cord injuries can result in paralysis, or the loss of the ability to move and feel some part of the body. Paralysis, usually occurs when there is nerve damage. Peripheral nerves can be damaged as well. Common example of this is carpal tunnel › Playing a musical instrument, texting, typing, working as a cash register Symptoms include weakness and numbness in the fingers and pain that travels from the wrist to the upper arm. Preventing Infections Meningitis causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. › Symptoms are very similar to the flu, but also include stiff neck and severe headache. Epilepsy Under certain conditions, a person’s brain may experience sudden, uncontrolled nerve impulses. This can lead to a seizure. People with epilepsy are prone to having seizures. Symptoms of epileptic seizures include: Facial twitching, loss of awareness, and muscle spasms.