Download 36. For which term can fur colour be used as an example? (A

NOTE: Some of the answers are incorrect…. Will be fixing as I
find them!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
36. For which term can fur colour be used
as an example?
(A) genotype
(B) phenotype
(C) dominant allele
(D) recessive allele
36. For which term can fur colour be used
as an example?
(A) genotype
(B) phenotype
(C) dominant allele
(D) recessive allele
37. Which genotype will cause a recessive
trait to be expressed?
(A) Tt
(B) TT
(C) tt
(D) tT
38. What is the expected phenotypic ratio
in a monohybid cross where both parents
are
heterozygous?
(A) 1:4
(B) 2:2
(C) 3:1
(D) 4:0
38. What is the expected phenotypic ratio
in a monohybid cross where both parents
are
heterozygous?
(A) 1:4
(B) 2:2
(C) 3:1
(D) 4:0
39. Which parental cross would produce
25% of its offspring with the recessive
trait?
(A) TT × TT
(B) tt × Tt
(C) Tt × Tt
(D) tt × tt
39. Which parental cross would produce
25% of its offspring with the recessive
trait?
(A) TT × TT
(B) tt × Tt
(C) Tt × Tt
(D) tt × tt
40. Which parental cross would lead to
offspring showing a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic
ratio in the second filial (F2) generation?
(A) Ddtt × DDTt
(B) DdTt × DdTt
(C) DdTt × DdTT
(D) DDTT × ddtt
40. Which parental cross would lead to
offspring showing a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic
ratio in the second filial (F2) generation?
(A) Ddtt × DDTt
(B) DdTt × DdTt
(C) DdTt × DdTT
(D) DDTT × ddtt
41. A herd of cattle contains equal numbers
of four different phenotypes. If the alleles
are on separate chromosomes, which
cross would most likely create this
distribution?
(A) BbHh × BbHh
(B) Bbhh × bbHH
(C) bbhh × BBHH
(D) Bbhh × bbHh
41. A herd of cattle contains equal numbers
of four different phenotypes. If the alleles
are on separate chromosomes, which
cross would most likely create this
distribution?
(A) BbHh × BbHh
(B) Bbhh × bbHH
(C) bbhh × BBHH
(D) Bbhh × bbHh
42. When a white snapdragon flower and a
red snapdragon flower are crossed, pink
snapdragon flowers are produced. Which
explains this pattern of inheritance?
(A) co-dominance
(B) incomplete dominance
(C) multiple alleles
(D) multiple genes
42. When a white snapdragon flower and a
red snapdragon flower are crossed, pink
snapdragon flowers are produced. Which
explains this pattern of inheritance?
(A) co-dominance
(B) incomplete dominance
(C) multiple alleles
(D) multiple genes
44. Which genotype must be used in a test
cross to determine an unknown genotype?
(A) heterozygous dominant
(B) heterozygous recessive
(C) homozygous dominant
(D) homozygous recessive
44. Which genotype must be used in a test
cross to determine an unknown genotype?
(A) heterozygous dominant
(B) heterozygous recessive
(C) homozygous dominant
(D) homozygous recessive
45. Which process separates linked
genes?
(A) crossing-over
(B) mutation
(C) nondisjunction
(D) polyploidy
45. Which process separates linked
genes?
(A) crossing-over
(B) mutation
(C) nondisjunction
(D) polyploidy
47. If a female, exhibiting a recessive Xlinked trait, marries a normal male, what
percentage of their sons will most likely
exhibit the recessive trait?
(A) 0%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 100%
47. If a female, exhibiting a recessive Xlinked trait, marries a normal male, what
percentage of their sons will most likely
exhibit the recessive trait?
(A) 0%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 100%
48. Who determined the double helix
structure of the DNA molecule?
(A) Darwin and Lamarck
(B) Hershey and Chase
(C) Watson and Crick
(D) Wilkins and Franklin
48. Who determined the double helix
structure of the DNA molecule?
(A) Darwin and Lamarck
(B) Hershey and Chase
(C) Watson and Crick
(D) Wilkins and Franklin
49. Which nucleotide sequence signals
termination?
(A) AAU
(B) AGU
(C) UGA
(D) UGG
49. Which nucleotide sequence signals
termination?
(A) AAU
(B) AGU
(C) UGA
(D) UGG
50. If the polypeptide sequence,
phenylalanine - isoleucine - threonine,
were produced
through transcription, what mRNA
sequence was present originally?
(A) AAA UAA UGG
(B) AAG UAU AAU
(C) UUC AUG ACA
(D) UUU AUU ACC
50. If the polypeptide sequence,
phenylalanine - isoleucine - threonine,
were produced
through transcription, what mRNA
sequence was present originally?
(A) AAA UAA UGG
(B) AAG UAU AAU
(C) UUC AUG ACA
(D) UUU AUU ACC
51. Which sugar is present in a DNA
nucleotide?
(A) deoxyribose
(B) glucose
(C) ribose
(D) sucrose
51. Which sugar is present in a DNA
nucleotide?
(A) deoxyribose
(B) glucose
(C) ribose
(D) sucrose
52. If adenine makes up 28% of all
nucleotides in a human being, what
percentage of the
nucleotides are guanine?
(A) 22%
(B) 28%
(C) 44%
(D) 72%
52. If adenine makes up 28% of all
nucleotides in a human being, what
percentage of the
nucleotides are guanine?
(A) 22%
(B) 28%
(C) 44%
(D) 72%
53. Which process starts when an mRNA
molecule binds to an active ribosome?
(A) elongation
(B) initiation
(C) transcription
(D) translation
53. Which process starts when an mRNA
molecule binds to an active ribosome?
(A) elongation
(B) initiation
(C) transcription
(D) translation
54. Why would an individual die if
transcription stopped?
(A) DNA replication would stop
(B) number of phosphate groups would
decrease
(C) number of thymine bases would
decrease
(D) protein synthesis would stop
54. Why would an individual die if
transcription stopped?
(A) DNA replication would stop
(B) number of phosphate groups would
decrease
(C) number of thymine bases would
decrease
(D) protein synthesis would stop
56. Which describes a change in the
nucleotide sequence of DNA?
(A) anticodon
(B) codon
(C) mutation
(D) translation
56. Which describes a change in the
nucleotide sequence of DNA?
(A) anticodon
(B) codon
(C) mutation
(D) translation
57. What part of a DNA molecule
determines the genetic code?
(A) amino acids
(B) nitrogen bases
(C) phosphates
(D) sugars
57. What part of a DNA molecule
determines the genetic code?
(A) amino acids
(B) nitrogen bases
(C) phosphates
(D) sugars
58. Which is a frameshift mutation?
(A) deletion
(B) mis-sense
(C) nonsense
(D) silent
58. Which is a frameshift mutation?
(A) deletion
(B) mis-sense
(C) nonsense
(D) silent
59. If a point mutation occurred in the
nucleotide sequence ACT GCC ATT GCC,
which
would represent a possible new code?
(A) ACA GCC ATT GCC
(B) ATT GCC GCC ACT
(C) CCG TTA CCG TCA
(D) GCC ACT ATT GCC
59. If a point mutation occurred in the
nucleotide sequence ACT GCC ATT GCC,
which
would represent a possible new code?
(A) ACA GCC ATT GCC
(B) ATT GCC GCC ACT
(C) CCG TTA CCG TCA
(D) GCC ACT ATT GCC
60. If a female is born with a single X
chromosome, what genetic disorder does
she most
likely have?
(A) Down syndrome
(B) Jacobs syndrome
(C) Klinefelter syndrome
(D) Turner syndrome
60. If a female is born with a single X
chromosome, what genetic disorder does
she most
likely have?
(A) Down syndrome
(B) Jacobs syndrome
(C) Klinefelter syndrome
(D) Turner syndrome
62. On what basis does gel electrophoresis
sort molecules?
(A) electric charge and mass
(B) electric charge and nucleotide
sequence
(C) mass only
(D) nucleotide sequence only
62. On what basis does gel electrophoresis
sort molecules?
(A) electric charge and mass
(B) electric charge and nucleotide
sequence
(C) mass only
(D) nucleotide sequence only
63. Which is the most significant finding of
the Human Genome Project?
(A) Homo neanderthalis evolved into Homo
sapiens.
(B) Human genes support the Gaia theory.
(C) It verified the One Gene - One
Polypeptide hypothesis.
(D) There are much fewer human genes
present than expected.
63. Which is the most significant finding of
the Human Genome Project?
(A) Homo neanderthalis evolved into Homo
sapiens.
(B) Human genes support the Gaia theory.
(C) It verified the One Gene - One
Polypeptide hypothesis.
(D) There are much fewer human genes
present than expected.
36. Which is the science of heredity?
(A) evolution
(B) genetics
(C) inheritance
(D) karyotyping
36. Which is the science of heredity?
(A) evolution
(B) genetics
(C) inheritance
(D) karyotyping
37. Which refers to the trait expressed in a
heterozygous individual?
(A) allele
(B) chromosome
(C) dominant
(D) recessive
37. Which refers to the trait expressed in a
heterozygous individual?
(A) allele
(B) chromosome
(C) dominant
(D) recessive
38. Who discovered fundamental principles
of genetics by breeding garden peas?
(A) Darwin
(B) Margulis
(C) Mendel
(D) Watson
38. Who discovered fundamental principles
of genetics by breeding garden peas?
(A) Darwin
(B) Margulis
(C) Mendel
(D) Watson
39. If a sex-linked trait affects more males
than females, which conclusion can be
made about the trait?
(A) incompletely dominant
(B) incompletely recessive
(C) X-linked dominant
(D) X-linked recessive
39. If a sex-linked trait affects more males
than females, which conclusion can be
made about the trait?
(A) incompletely dominant
(B) incompletely recessive
(C) X-linked dominant
(D) X-linked recessive
40. In which field did Rosalind Franklin
conduct her research?
(A) DNA fingerprinting
(B) gel electrophoresis
(C) gene cloning
(D) X-ray crystallography
40. In which field did Rosalind Franklin
conduct her research?
(A) DNA fingerprinting
(B) gel electrophoresis
(C) gene cloning
(D) X-ray crystallography
41. Which refers to an organism with two
different alleles for a single trait?
(A) cross-fertilized
(B) heterozygous
(C) homozygous
(D) segregated
41. Which refers to an organism with two
different alleles for a single trait?
(A) cross-fertilized
(B) heterozygous
(C) homozygous
(D) segregated
42. Which refers to the physical
appearance of an organism?
(A) genetic drift
(B) genetic heritage
(C) genotype
(D) phenotype
42. Which refers to the physical
appearance of an organism?
(A) genetic drift
(B) genetic heritage
(C) genotype
(D) phenotype
43. Which chromosome mutation results
when a part of one chromosome changes
places with another part of the same
chromosome?
(A) deletion
(B) duplication
(C) inversion
(D) translocation
43. Which chromosome mutation results
when a part of one chromosome changes
places with another part of the same
chromosome?
(A) deletion
(B) duplication
(C) inversion
(D) translocation
44. Which illustrates genetic relationships
among a group of individuals?
(A) karyotype
(B) gene map
(C) pedigree
(D) punnett square
44. Which illustrates genetic relationships
among a group of individuals?
(A) karyotype
(B) gene map
(C) pedigree
(D) punnett square
45. Which best describes the two
individuals involved in a test cross?
(A) Both are homozygous dominant.
(B) Both are homozygous recessive.
(C) One has an unknown genotype and
one is homozygous dominant.
(D) One has an unknown genotype and
one is homozygous recessive.
45. Which best describes the two
individuals involved in a test cross?
(A) Both are homozygous dominant.
(B) Both are homozygous recessive.
(C) One has an unknown genotype and
one is homozygous dominant.
(D) One has an unknown genotype and
one is homozygous recessive.
46. Which nitrogen base is found only in
the nucleus?
(A) adenine
(B) cytosine
(C) guanine
(D) thymine
46. Which nitrogen base is found only in
the nucleus?
(A) adenine
(B) cytosine
(C) guanine
(D) thymine
47. What remains constant in Chargaff’s
rule?
(A) adenine and guanine
(B) adenine and thymine
(C) cytosine and thymine
(D) cytosine and uracil
47. What remains constant in Chargaff’s
rule?
(A) adenine and guanine
(B) adenine and thymine
(C) cytosine and thymine
(D) cytosine and uracil
48. Which process results in a phenotype
determined by the additive effects of two or
more genes?
(A) codominance
(B) incomplete dominance
(C) polygenic inheritance
(D) sex linkage
48. Which process results in a phenotype
determined by the additive effects of two or
more genes?
(A) codominance
(B) incomplete dominance
(C) polygenic inheritance
(D) sex linkage
49. What is the minimum number of point
mutations that can cause DNA to code for
a different amino acid?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
49. What is the minimum number of point
mutations that can cause DNA to code for
a different amino acid?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
50. During transcription, what information
is copied?
(A) DNA to mRNA
(B) mRNA to DNA
(C) mRNA to tRNA
(D) tRNA to mRNA
50. During transcription, what information
is copied?
(A) DNA to mRNA
(B) mRNA to DNA
(C) mRNA to tRNA
(D) tRNA to mRNA
51. In pea plants, tall is dominant over
short and purple flowers are dominant over
white. 500 offspring were produced from a
cross between two pea plants that are both
heterozygous for each trait. Approximately,
how many of the offspring would be tall
with purple flowers?
(A) 30
(B) 90
(C) 280
(D) 500
51. In pea plants, tall is dominant over
short and purple flowers are dominant over
white. 500 offspring were produced from a
cross between two pea plants that are both
heterozygous for each trait. Approximately,
how many of the offspring would be tall
with purple flowers?
(A) 30
(B) 90
(C) 280
(D) 500
52. What would be the maximum number
of amino acids contained in a protein made
up of 30 nucleotides?
(A) 10
(B) 15
(C) 30
(D) 60
52. What would be the maximum number
of amino acids contained in a protein made
up of 30 nucleotides?
(A) 10
(B) 15
(C) 30
(D) 60
53. Which group is arranged from largest
to smallest?
Largest ---------------------------------> smallest
(A) cell, nucleotide, nucleus, DNA,
chromosome
(B) cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA,
nucleotide
(C) chromosome, nucleotide, cell, DNA,
nucleus
(D) chromosome, nucleus, cell, DNA,
nucleotide
53. Which group is arranged from largest
to smallest?
Largest ---------------------------------> smallest
(A) cell, nucleotide, nucleus, DNA,
chromosome
(B) cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA,
nucleotide
(C) chromosome, nucleotide, cell, DNA,
nucleus
(D) chromosome, nucleus, cell, DNA,
nucleotide
54. When does nondisjunction occur?
(A) anaphase of meiosis
(B) DNA replication
(C) RNA replication
(D) telophase of meiosis
54. When does nondisjunction occur?
(A) anaphase of meiosis
(B) DNA replication
(C) RNA replication
(D) telophase of meiosis
56. How many different genotypes would
occur in the offspring of a cross between a
homozygous individual and a heterozygous
individual?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
56. How many different genotypes would
occur in the offspring of a cross between a
homozygous individual and a heterozygous
individual?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
57. In horses, roan coats (red and white
hairs) result from codominance. If two roan
coat horses are crossed, what would be
the expected phenotype ratios?
(A) all roan
(B) ½ roan, ¼ red, ¼ white
(C) ½ roan, ½ red
(D) ½ roan, ½ white
57. In horses, roan coats (red and white
hairs) result from codominance. If two roan
coat horses are crossed, what would be
the expected phenotype ratios?
(A) all roan
(B) ½ roan, ¼ red, ¼ white
(C) ½ roan, ½ red
(D) ½ roan, ½ white
58. What is the likelihood that a couple’s
first child will be a female and second child
is a male?
(A) 12.5%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 75%
58. What is the likelihood that a couple’s
first child will be a female and second child
is a male?
(A) 12.5%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 75%
60. If a double-stranded DNA is found to
contain 30% guanine, what is the
percentage of adenine present?
(A) 20%
(B) 30%
(C) 60%
(D) 80%
60. If a double-stranded DNA is found to
contain 30% guanine, what is the
percentage of adenine present?
(A) 20%
(B) 30%
(C) 60%
(D) 80%
61. With which cellular activity is the
replication of DNA most closely
associated?
(A) mitosis
(B) protein synthesis
(C) transcription
(D) translation
61. With which cellular activity is the
replication of DNA most closely
associated?
(A) mitosis
(B) protein synthesis
(C) transcription
(D) translation
63. Which process separates DNA
fragments for analysis?
(A) amplification
(B) gel electrophoresis
(C) karyotyping
(D) sequencing
63. Which process separates DNA
fragments for analysis?
(A) amplification
(B) gel electrophoresis
(C) karyotyping
(D) sequencing
36. What is an allele?
(A) alternate form of a chromosome
(B) alternate form of a gene
(C) DNA base
(D) RNA base
36. What is an allele?
(A) alternate form of a chromosome
(B) alternate form of a gene
(C) DNA base
(D) RNA base
37. Which genotype(s) express a dominant
trait?
(A) tt and Tt
(B) tt only
(C) TT and Tt
(D) TT only
37. Which genotype(s) express a dominant
trait?
(A) tt and Tt
(B) tt only
(C) TT and Tt
(D) TT only
38. Black fur (B) is dominant to yellow fur
(b) in Labrador retrievers. A black retriever
crossed with a yellow retriever produced
three black and three yellow puppies. What
are the probable genotypes of the parents?
(A) BB and BB
(B) BB and bb
(C) Bb and Bb
(D) Bb and bb
38. Black fur (B) is dominant to yellow fur
(b) in Labrador retrievers. A black retriever
crossed with a yellow retriever produced
three black and three yellow puppies. What
are the probable genotypes of the parents?
(A) BB and BB
(B) BB and bb
(C) Bb and Bb
(D) Bb and bb
39. In a cross involving AaBB × AABb,
what is the probability of producing the
genotype AaBb in the offspring?
(A) 1/8
(B) 1/4
(C) 1/3
(D) 1/2
39. In a cross involving AaBB × AABb,
what is the probability of producing the
genotype AaBb in the offspring?
(A) 1/8
(B) 1/4
(C) 1/3
(D) 1/2
40. What is the probability that an
expecting couple with three girls will have
another girl?
(A) 1/16
(B) 1/4
(C) 1/2
(D) 3/4
40. What is the probability that an
expecting couple with three girls will have
another girl?
(A) 1/16
(B) 1/4
(C) 1/2
(D) 3/4
41. What are possible blood types of a
couple that produced children with blood
types
A, B, and O?
(A) A and AB
(B) A and B
(C) O and AB
(D) O and B
41. What are possible blood types of a
couple that produced children with blood
types
A, B, and O?
(A) A and AB
(B) A and B
(C) O and AB
(D) O and B
42. Which type of trait is skin color?
(A) complete
(B) incomplete
(C) monogenic
(D) polygenic
42. Which type of trait is skin color?
(A) complete
(B) incomplete
(C) monogenic
(D) polygenic
43. What is the chance that a male inherits
his X chromosome from his mother?
(A) 0%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 100%
43. What is the chance that a male inherits
his X chromosome from his mother?
(A) 0%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 100%
45. Which genetic researcher isolated two
types of nucleic acids?
(A) Levene
(B) McClintock
(C) Mendel
(D) Watson
45. Which genetic researcher isolated two
types of nucleic acids?
(A) Levene
(B) McClintock
(C) Mendel
(D) Watson
46. Whose work lead to the Law of
Segregation?
(A) Griffith
(B) Mendel
(C) Morgan
(D) Sutton
46. Whose work lead to the Law of
Segregation?
(A) Griffith
(B) Mendel
(C) Morgan
(D) Sutton
48. In which step of DNA replication does
the molecule unwind and unzip?
(A) elongation
(B) initiation
(C) proofreading
(D) termination
48. In which step of DNA replication does
the molecule unwind and unzip?
(A) elongation
(B) initiation
(C) proofreading
(D) termination
49. How many amino acids does a codon
represent?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
49. How many amino acids does a codon
represent?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
50. Which sequence on a DNA strand
corresponds to the first amino acid inserted
into a protein?
(A) ATG
(B) AUG
(C) TAC
(D) UAC
50. Which sequence on a DNA strand
corresponds to the first amino acid inserted
into a protein?
(A) ATG
(B) AUG
(C) TAC
(D) UAC
51. If the amino acid sequence below is
produced, what would be the
corresponding DNA sequence?
cysteine - tryptophan - proline - glycine
(A) ACA ACC GGC CCC
(B) ACA ACT GAA TAG
(C) ACG ACC GGG TAC
(D) ACG ACT GCG GAG
51. If the amino acid sequence below is
produced, what would be the
corresponding DNA sequence?
cysteine - tryptophan - proline - glycine
(A) ACA ACC GGC CCC
(B) ACA ACT GAA TAG
(C) ACG ACC GGG TAC
(D) ACG ACT GCG GAG
52. Which point mutation results in slightly
altered but still functional proteins?
(A) frame shift
(B) mis-sense
(C) nonsense
(D) silent
52. Which point mutation results in slightly
altered but still functional proteins?
(A) frame shift
(B) mis-sense
(C) nonsense
(D) silent
55. The percentage of urinary tract
infections in young girls is much higher on
the island of Newfoundland than mainland
Canada. Which best explains this
statement?
(A) Mainland Canada has a founder
population.
(B) Mainland Canada has a large
population.
(C) The island of Newfoundland has a
founder population.
(D) The island of Newfoundland has a
large population.
55. The percentage of urinary tract
infections in young girls is much higher on
the island of Newfoundland than mainland
Canada. Which best explains this
statement?
(A) Mainland Canada has a founder
population.
(B) Mainland Canada has a large
population.
(C) The island of Newfoundland has a
founder population.
(D) The island of Newfoundland has a
large population.
56. Which process is disrupted when
ribosomes are disabled by antibiotics?
(A) DNA replication
(B) RNA replication
(C) transcription
(D) translation
56. Which process is disrupted when
ribosomes are disabled by antibiotics?
(A) DNA replication
(B) RNA replication
(C) transcription
(D) translation
58. Which genetic disease is caused by an
autosomal recessive allele?
(A) Hemophilia
(B) Muscular Dystrophy
(C) Sickle Cell Anemia
(D) Tay-Sachs
58. Which genetic disease is caused by an
autosomal recessive allele?
(A) Hemophilia
(B) Muscular Dystrophy
(C) Sickle Cell Anemia
(D) Tay-Sachs
59. Who gathers information to determine
the risk of a couple having children with a
genetic disorder?
(A) cytogeneticist
(B) genetic counsellor
(C) genetic engineer
(D) medical geneticist
59. Who gathers information to determine
the risk of a couple having children with a
genetic disorder?
(A) cytogeneticist
(B) genetic counsellor
(C) genetic engineer
(D) medical geneticist
60. Which procedure involves inserting a
long tube into the mother’s abdomen in
order to directly observe the developing
child?
(A) amniocentesis
(B) CVS
(C) fetoscopy
(D) ultrasound
60. Which procedure involves inserting a
long tube into the mother’s abdomen in
order to directly observe the developing
child?
(A) amniocentesis
(B) CVS
(C) fetoscopy
(D) ultrasound
61. Which cuts DNA molecules at specific
nucleotides?
(A) cloning vectors
(B) gel electrophoresis
(C) genetic markers
(D) restriction enzymes
61. Which cuts DNA molecules at specific
nucleotides?
(A) cloning vectors
(B) gel electrophoresis
(C) genetic markers
(D) restriction enzymes
62. Which is a potential benefit of cloning?
(A) elimination of disease
(B) embryo use and destruction
(C) loss of individuality
(D) reducing genetic variability
62. Which is a potential benefit of cloning?
(A) elimination of disease
(B) embryo use and destruction
(C) loss of individuality
(D) reducing genetic variability
63. Which type of organism is produced by
moving DNA from one organism to
another?
(A) clone
(B) hybrid
(C) polygenic
(D) transgenic
63. Which type of organism is produced by
moving DNA from one organism to
another?
(A) clone
(B) hybrid
(C) polygenic
(D) transgenic
• 2% 78.(a) (i) What can result if a part of
one chromosome exchanges with another
part of a non homologous chromosome in
a somatic cell?
• Very little will happen since the
chromosomal mutation has occurred in a
somatic cell. It can potentially disrupt the
production of certain proteins which may
cause the premature death of the cell.
• 2% (ii) What can result if the same
mutation above occurs in the blastocyst
shortly after fertilization?
• The result will be very serious in that all
cells that arise from the blastocyst will
have the chromosomal mutation. The
developing embryo will have defective
genes which most likely cause the embryo
to die before gestation is complete.
• 3% 78.(b) In a certain plant, red flowers
(R) are dominant to white (r) and long
stems (L) are dominant to short (l). What is
the expected phenotypic ratios of the
offspring resulting from a cross between a
plant heterozygous for both traits with a
plant that has heterozygous red flowers
and short stems? Show all workings.
p - RrLl x Rrll
• alleles to the offspring are RL, Rl, rL, rl
and Rl, rl
• Phenotypic ratio : 3 red and long : 3 red
and short : 1 white and long : 1 white and
short
• 2% (c) A scientist discovered a cure for a
lethal disease by placing non-human DNA
into a human embryo. Give two reasons
as to why you would support or why you
would not support this type of genetic
engineering?
• Support 1. The removal of lethal genes from the human
population would allow parents who are suceptable to
the condition to have children. 2. The economic and
psychological strain to society and the parents
respectively would be eliminated.
• Oppose 1. Inserting non-human genes into our genome
would changes the individual being human to being a
transgenic organism thereby possibly causing a
segregation from society. 2. The production of a
transgenic organism removes the possibilities of nature
eliminating those organisms that are weak and thereby
promoting the evolution of humankind in a direction not
intended by nature.
• 2% (c) The island of Newfoundland is an
attractive location for genetic research
studies. How would a substantial influx of
new families into the island affect further
research by these companies?
• The companies would be less interested in
doing genetic research because the gene
pool would become more diluted with
external genes not found in the original
founder population. The genetic
companies are interested in our founder
population because the gene pool is
smaller and genes that cause specific
genetic disease are easier to isolate.
• 3% 78.(a) In guinea pigs, black hair (B) is
dominant to white hair (b) and straight hair (S) is
dominant to curly hair (s). Two guinea pigs are
crossed. The male parent produces only one
gamete, BS, and the genotypes of the offspring
are BBSs and BbSs only. Determine the
genotype and phenotype of each parent. Show
your workings.
• father’s genotype: _________
• mother’s genotype:________
• father’s phenotype: _________
• mother’s phenotype:_________
• father’s genotype: __BBSS
• mother’s genotype:__Bbss
• father’s phenotype: _Black hair that is
straight
• mother’s phenotype:_black hair that is
curly___
• 3% (b) The following mutation occurred.
• original DNA strand: ACA TGA TCT ACC
ATA TGG ...,
• mutated DNA strand: ACA TGA TTA CCA
TAT GG....,
• (i) What type of gene mutation caused this
change?
• (ii) Explain two ways how this mutation
affects the proteins produced?
• (i) What type of gene mutation caused this
change? deletion - frameshift
• (ii) Explain two ways how this mutation affects
the proteins produced?
• 1. The protein will be an non-sense protein.
• 2. The protein will be useless to the organism
• 2% 78.(c) Explain two ways how the work
done by Newfound Genomics is different
from the work done by the Human
Genome Project?
• 1. The HGP is a very large scale public project
involving many laboratories throughout the world
while NG is small scale, private company
involved with a small gene pool - Newfoundland.
• 2. NG is looking for specific genes that have
base sequences producing coditions or diseases
that affect humans while the HGP is to
deterimine the base pair sequences of all human
chromosomes.
The End