Download Organelles Work in a Cell

Chapter 7~ VOCABULARY
Ch. 7.1 - Vocabulary
Definition
Picture
Definition
Picture
Cell
Cell theory
nucleus
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Ch. 7.2 - Vocabulary
organelles
cytoplasm
Nuclear Envelope
Chromatin
Chromosome
nucleolus
ribosome
Endoplasmic Recticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
Centriole
Ch. 7.3 - Vocabulary
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Definition
Picture
Lipid bilayer
Concentration
Diffusion
Equilibrium
Osmosis
Isotonic
Hyptertonic
Hypotonic
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Ch. 7.4 - Vocabulary
Cell specialization
Tissue
Organ
Definition
Picture
Life is cellular ~ Ch. 7.1
Discovery of the ___________________
•1665 – Robert _______________________
–Used microscope to look at cork cells ( a plant material)
–Saw thousands of tiny ____________________ – called them “______________”
•Anton van ________________________
–Observed _______________________ and saw tiny ________________________.
Observations leading to cell theory
•Numerous observation made it clear that the cell was the basic unit of life.
•1838 – Matthias ____________________________
–Stated all ________________________ made of cells
•1839 – Theodor ___________________
–Stated all ________________________ made of cells
•1855 – Rudolf _______________
–Stated _____________________ only produced from division of existing cells
The Cell Theory
•States:
–_______________________________ are composed of _________________
–Cells are the basic unit of __________________ and _________________ in living things
–__________________________ are produced from ____________________________
________________________
• ________________ than
eukaryotes
•_______________ complicated
•__________ ___________________
–Free floating DNA
•Some contain internal membranes
•Examples: _________________
Eukaryotes
•____________________ than prokaryotes
•More ______________________ than
prokaryotes
•_________________________
-DNA located here
•Many internal structures - ___________________
•______________________________________
•Example:
Plants, animals, fungi, protists
Ch. 7. 2 ~ Eukcaryotic Cell Structures (ORGANELLES)
Cell ______________________ and Cell _________________________
Cell Membrane
Thin, _____________________ _______________________ around the cell
Supports and protects the cell
Cell Wall
_______________________ _____________________
Supports and protects the cell
around the cell membrane
Chloroplasts
Use energy from _____________________
______________________________
to make ______________________
Cytoplasm
Material _____________________ cell membrane
_________________________ organelles
_________________________ substance
but does not include nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER (#3)
Carries the ____________________
Smooth ER (#4)
Holds ______________________ that may change _____________________ if needed
Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus (#11)
Modifies and ________________________ material for movement around cell (RER)
Lysosomes
________________________________material
to be used by the cell
Mitochondria
THE
MIGHTY MITOCHONDIA!!
________________________ ________________________ from
__________________________________________________________
Has _____________________________________ (inner/outer)
Nucleus
Holds the genetic material (____________)
___________________________ the cells ___________________________
(like the cell’s brain!)

Has Pores – called _____________________________
__________________ from nucleus travel through pores
to rest of cell
Ribosomes (#2)
Makes
_________________________
Vacuole
________________________ structure
__________________________, salt, proteins and ______________________
Provides ______________________ for heavy items such as
_______________________, stems
Movement
__________________________
A ___________________________ structure
Located on the ____________________________ of the cell
Cilia
__________________________ structures
Located on the __________________________ of the cell
Cells Alive
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
Cell Boundaries ~ Ch. 7.3
Cell Membrane
Function:
•________________________ what __________________ and leaves a cell
•Provides ________________________________ and support
What
its made of:
•_______________________________________ (2)
•strong and flexible
•_______________________________________ imbedded
Regulate what ____________________/____________________
Membrane Types
•_____________________________________
_______________________________
substances to pass through easily
•Impermeable
Does
not allow substances to pass at all
•Selectively permeable
Some substances can pass through membrane
Cell Walls
__________________________________________________________________________
Only in…
•Plants
•__________________________________
•Fungi
•Many prokaryotes
Cell Walls
•Function:
__________________________________
cell
cell
__________________________________ what enters and leaves a cell
Protects
•What it’s made of….
Mostly
__________________________________________
•A ________________________________________
The different types of movement across cell boundaries
Osmosis
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Osmosis
Diffusion of ______________________________ through a selectively permeable membrane
_______________________________ to ______________________________ concentration
____________________________________________________________________________
Osmosis cont…
•Isotonic_____________________________ solute concentration on either side of membrane
•______________________________________________________________ solute concentration
•Hypotonic_______________________________ solute concentration
Osmosis cont…
•Water will _______________________________ cell until it bursts
•How do they overcome this?
Cells tend not to contact fresh water
Contact is made with isotonic solutions
Ex. Blood
If they do make contact w/ fresh water, they have rigid ________________________
Ex. Plants and bacteria
Diffusion
In solution, particles move constantly
Move from _________________________ concentration to
__________________________
When concentration is equal throughout =
________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Facillitated Diffusion
When particles ____________________________ or
______________________________
Go through protein channels
Each one allows only one type of molecule through High to Low
_________________________________________________ – just a
pathway through the membrane
______________________________________________ Transport
Moves particles across membrane
_________________________________________
Moves against concentration gradient
• (_______________________________________________)
Endocytosis
Take material into cell
Needs energy
Two types:
•___________________________________________
engulf large _________________________________ and take them into the cell
•___________________________________________
•engulf ____________________________ into the cell
Exocytosis
When a cell _________________________________________ large amounts of material
__________________________________________________
Vacuole fuses with membrane
This is a type ________________________________________
Measuring concentration of solutes in cell
Concentration:
density = ( mass of solute / volume of solution )
Ex. 12 g. of salt/ 3 L. of water = 4 g/ L
Chapter 7.4
The diversity of cellular life
Unicellular organisms
__________________________ are the basic living units of all organisms
_______________________________ – single celled organism
_________________________________
Respond to environment
Transform ______________________________________
Reproduce
____________________________________________________________________
Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular – made up of _____________________ cells
Great variety of ________________________________________ organisms
All multicellar organisms depend on _______________________________________ and cooperation
among __________________________________ cells
Cell specialization – cells _______________________________________ to perform specific tasks
Multicellular cont…
Specialized ______________________ cells
Red blood cells – transport O2
Pancreatic cells – make proteins (enzymes)
To help digest food
Packed with ribosomes (synthesize proteins)
Packed
with golgi apparatus (for protein export)
Packed with storage vacuoles ( for storing enzymes)
____________________ cells
Skeletal cells
Multicellular cont…
Specialized plant cells
_________________________________ – where O2, CO2, H20 vapor are released and
absorbed
Located on underside of ___________________________________
________________________________________ – surround stomata
Help to ____________________________ or close stomata when needed
Levels of organization
In order from smallest to largest
__A_________________________________________________
__C________________________________________________
__T________________________________________________
__O________________________________________________
__O________________________________________________
__O________________________________________________
Tissues
Tissues – when ___________________________ _______________________________ grouped into
units
Perform a particular function
4 main types of tissues
_____________________________________ tissue
Epithelial tissue
_____________________________________ tissue
Connective tissue
Organs
Organs – when many different ___________________________ work together to perform a function
Ex. Muscles work because have….
Muscle tissues
Nerve tissues
Connective tissues
Organ Systems
Organ system – group of ________________________________ that
_____________________________________________ to perform a specific function
Makes multicellular life possible
Organism
 Individuals of a species
Organelles Work in a Cell
(Sung to the tune of “I’ve been working on the Railroad”)
Organelles work in a cell,
Each with a job to do.
The nucleus controls the cell, the
Cell membrane lets things through
Ribosomes make protein;
The ER lets things move.
Golgi bodies pack things up
So they can go smooth.
Mitochondria, mitochondria
Mitochondria make energy.
Mitochondria, mitochondria
Make cell energy.
Vacuoles are for storage,
Especially for wa-a-a-ter.
Lysosomes get rid of wastes,
Just like they oughta….
And they all
Float in the cytoplasm,
Float in the cytoplasm
Float in the cytoplasm,
While they do the work of the cell.
Written by Jan Orndorff
Ch. 7.1 Guided Reading
1. The discovery of the cell was possible due to the invention of the _______________________
2. Who was the first person to see cells? ______________________________
3. Why did he call them cells? _____________________________________________________
4. Who was the first person to see tiny organisms living in water?
_________________________________________________
5. List the three components of the CELL THEORY
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6. High resolution video technology can be used to produce moves of cells as they
_________________________________________________________
7. Transmission electron microscopes can be used to explore cell ______________________ and
large _________________molecules
8. Scanning electron microscopes produce [ 2D | 3D | 4D ] images of the cell. (circle)
9. Specimens viewed under electron microscopes must first be [ preserved | stained ]. (circle)
10. Using the timeline, place the following in order of their discovery, from the earliest to the latest
____ All plants are made of cells
____ Cells organelles may have once been free-living organisms
____ The first cells were seen and a book published with drawings
____ All animals are made of cells
____ Observation of organisms living in pond water
____ Cells can only come from other cells
11. What type of microscope is needed to observe single atoms? __________________________
12. What two things do ALL cells have? ______________________________________________
13. Define nucleus: ______________________________________________________________
14. Cells are categorized depending on whether or not they have a ________________________
15. The greek word “eu” means _____________ whereas “pro” means _____________________
16. Prokaryote cells have _________________material that is not contained in a _____________
17. What type of organisms are prokaryotes? _______________________________________
18. Prokaryotes grow, reproduce and ______________________________________________
19. What four organisms are classified as eukaryotes? __________________________________
20. Eukaryotic cells are [ smaller | larger ] than prokaryotes.
Ch.7- 2 Guided Reading
1. In some respects, the _________________________________ is like a factory.
2. These structures are known as “little organs.” _____________________________.
3. Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts the
________________________ and the _____________________________________________.
4. See Figure 7-7. What part of the nucleus (with pointer) contains a small, dense region?
______________________________________________
5. The nucleus is surrounded by a ____________________________ composed of two membranes.
6. When a cell divides, however; __________________ condenses to form __________________.
7. _________________________ are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm.
8. The portion of the ___________________ involved in the synthesis of proteins is called ____________
______________________________ or ________________________________________.
9. See Figure 7-9. What does the Golgi apparatus do to proteins?
_______________________________________________________________
10. The Golgi apparatus is somewhat like a ___________________________, where the finishing touches are
put on proteins before they are ready to leave the “factory.”
11. One function of __________________________ is the digestion, or breakdown, of lipids, carbohydrates,
and proteins into ________________________________ that can be used by the rest of the cell.
12. What kind of vacuole does the paramecium in Figure 7-10 contain? ____________________________
13. Most cells get energy in one of two ways ---- from ________________________ or from the ___________.
14. ___________________________ are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into
compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
15. ______________________________ are the biological equivalents of solar power plants.
16. Unlike other organelles that contain no DNA, ________________________ and ____________________
contain their own genetic information in the form of small DNA molecules.
17. Eukaryotic cells have a structure --- the _____________________________ --- that helps support the cell.
18. ___________________________ assembly and disassembly is responsible for the cytoplasmic movements
that allow cells, such amoebas, to crawl along surfaces.
19. What plays a critical role in maintaining a cell’s shape? ________________________
20. _____________________ are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell
division. _____________________ are not found in plant cells.
Chapter 7-3 Guided Reading
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name two functions of the cell membrane: _____________________________________________
The cell membrane contains ____________________molecules that are embedded in the lipid bilayer.
Why do scientists call the membrane a “mosaic”? _______________________________________
On the image, label the
a. lipid bilayer
b. protein channel
c. carbohydrate chains
5. What three types of organisms have cell walls?
_____________________________
6. What is the main function of the cell wall?
__________________________________________
7. What are plant cell walls composed of? ___________________
8. One of the most important functions of the cell membrane is to __________________ the movement of
dissolved ________________________ from the liquid on one side of the membrane to the other.
9. A solution is a ________________________ of two or more substances.
10. Define diffusion: ______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
11. When the particles are the same throughout, the system has reached ________________
12. Diffusion depends on ____________________ particle movements, therefore it [ does | does not ] (circle)
require energy.
OSMOSIS
13. If a substance is able to diffuse across a membrane, the membrane is said to be _______________
14. Define osmosis: _________________________________________________________
15. Isotonic means _____________________________
Hypertonic means ___________________________
Hypotonic means ____________________________
16. Because cells are hypertonic in relation to fresh water, ___________________________ produces a net
movement of water into the cell. If that happens, the cell will become ____________________________ and
can even burst.
17. In plant and bacteria cells, what keeps them from bursting due to osmotic pressure? ___________
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
18. Cell membranes have _________________________ that make it easy for certain molecules to cross the
membrane.
19. When proteins help molecules move across the membrane, it is called __________________________
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
20. Active transport moves molecules [ with | against ] the concentration gradient.
21. Active transport requires _____________________________
22. Changes in protein shape seem to play an important role in the ______________ process.
23. Define endocytosis: _______________________________________________________
24. What are the two types of endocytosis? ________________________________________
25. How does an amoeba gets it food? ___________________________________
26. Cells release large amounts of material in a process called _________________________
Plant Cell Coloring
Cell Membrane (orange)
Cell Wall (dark green)
Ribosome (purple)
Nucleoplasm (yellow)
Nucleolus (brown)
Cytoplasm (white)
Mitochondria (red)
Chloroplasts (light green)
Golgi Apparatus (dk blue)
Vacuole (lt. Blue)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (pink)
Chromatin (gray)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (pink)
D
C
A
D
B
Questions:
E
1. Name two things found in a plant cell that are not found in an animal cell:
2. How does the shape of a plant cell differ from that of an animal cell?
3. What is the function of the chloroplasts?
4. What is the function of the vacuole?
Animal Cell Coloring
Cell Membrane (brown)
Ribosome (red)
Cytoplasm (light blue)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (dark green)
Nucleoplasm (pink)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (light green)
Nuclear Membrane (dark brown)
Mitochondria (orange)
Nucleolus (yellow)
Lysosome (purple)
Golgi Apparatus (dark blue)
Microtubules (gray)
Flagella (pink)
G
H
D
C
A
B
F
E
Briefly describe the function of the cell parts.
1. Cell membrane _____________________________________________________________
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum _______________________________________________________
3. Ribosome _________________________________________________________________
4. Golgi Apparatus ____________________________________________________________
5. Lysosome _________________________________________________________________
6. Microtubule _______________________________________________________________
7. Mitochondria ______________________________________________________________
8. Nucleus ___________________________________________________________________
Cells Alive- Internet Lesson
URL: www.cellsalive.com
Objective: You will look at computer models of cells; learn the functions and the descriptions of the cells and their
components.
Navigating the site: Cells Alive has a navigation bar at the left. After accessing the page, click on CELL BIOLOGY
on the left side navigation bar. From here, you will access the links: "How Big", the animal cell model, the plant cell
model, and the bacterial cell model.
Part A. "HOW BIG”
Here you will look at objects found on the head of a pin. Your job is to rank
them in order of size on the chart. The line in the bottom right corner of
the screen is used to help you estimate.
Object
Red Blood Cells
Rank Size (1 for smallest, 8 for largest)
Rhinovirus
QUESTIONS – For each, determine what units of measurement you would use:
Human hair
1. A virus: ( nanometers | micrometers | millimeters ) - circle
Rank Size
#1-8
Ebola virus
2. A red blood cell: ( nanometers | micrometers | millimeters )
3. An E. Coli bacteria: ( nanometers | micrometers | millimeters )
4. The length of a strand of hair: ( centimeters | micrometers | millimeters ) - circle
The width of a strand of hair: ( centimeters | micrometers | millimeters ) - circle
Staphylococcus
E. coli
Dust Mite
Ragweed
Part B: Bacterial Cell Model - (you will need to go to the “cell models" link and find the
prokaryote or bacteria cell). Label the drawing.
Part C; Animal Cell Model - (you will need to return to the "Cell Biology" link to access this page, or hit
your back button). For this model, you will need to click on the various parts of the cell to go to a screen that tells
you about the parts. Answers to the following questions are found there.
1. What do mitochondria do?
Sketch each of the following.
Mitochondria
2. How big are mitochondria?
3. What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
Lysosome
4. What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?
5. Where is the nucleolus found?
6. What does the nucleolus do?
Golgi Apparatus
7. What does the cytoskeleton do?
8. Cytosol goes by what other name?
Rough ER
9. What is the function of the cytosol?
10. What is the function of the lysosome?
Part D: Plant Cell Model - (you will need to return to the "Cell Models" link to access this page, or hit your
back button)
1. What other type of cell has a cell wall?
Sketch the following
Chloroplast
2. What makes the plant cells green?
3. In plant cells, what does the vacuole do?
Vacuole
Part E: Overview
For the chart below, place a check in the box if the cell has that component.
Plant
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Ribosome
Mitochondria
DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Wall
Golgi Apparatus
Animal
Bacteria
After soaking height
After soaking height
After soaking height
Create a bar graph representing the before and after measurements.
Make sure to put the mass, width, and height on the X axis and the
numbers on the Y axis. DON’T FORGET TO PUT THE UNITS FOR
EACH MEASUREMENT!
Diffusion Virtual Lab Station
Go to: http://tinyurl.com/4lujflm
Answer the following questions by going through the lab step by step. Questions are in order
of appearance:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Describe the difference you see between side A and B: _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
What kind of energy do molecules use to move randomly around? _____________________
_______________________________________________________________
What is net diffusion? ___________________________________________
What direction does net diffusion move? __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Molecules will move back and forth across the membrane until _________________________
is reached.
What happens if the temperature is raised? ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
What happens if the temperature is lowered? _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Osmosis Virtual Lab Station
Answer the following questions by going through the lab step by step. Questions are in order of
appearance:
Go to http://tinyurl.com/4pomaql
1.
Define osmosis: _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What happens to the solute and solvent in the beaker pictured (watch for a little bit):
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. In your own words, write down the three things we are assuming in this lab:
a. ______________________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________________
4. Why don’t the solute molecules (red) move across the membrane? ______________________
5. What happens if the large molecules are removed from both sides of the beaker?__________
____________________________________________________________________________
6. When the large (red) molecules are placed back into the water, what happens to the water and why?
_______________________________________________________________________
7. What kind of solution are living cells bathed in? _____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8. What happens when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution? _________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
9. Why? ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
10. What happens when cells are placed in a hypotonic solution? _________________________
11. Why? _______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Biology ~ Cell Project
DUE DATE: ____________
Floating around in the cytoplasm are small structures called organelles. Like the
organs in your own body, each one carries out a specific function necessary for the cell
to survive. Our goal in this project will be to understand how these structures work
together to help the cell do its work.
In this project you will have 2 choices in creating a model of the cell.
1. 3-D model
2. Pamphlet
All options need to include labels for all the cells organelles as well as descriptions of
their functions. You can choose either a plant cell or an animal cell.
You will be graded on the following criteria:
Criteria
Clearly and correctly labeled
organelles
Key with correct functions of
organelles
Name, period and label (plant
or animal cell)
Correct approximate sizes of
organelles
Effort in neatness and creativity
Possible points
15 points
Points earned
20 points
5 points
5 points
15 points
TOTAL POINTS :
_____/ 60
Ch. 7 - Study Guide
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Who discovered cells? _______________________________________________.
What was he looking at when he named them cells? _______________________.
______________________________________ stated all ________________________made of cells.
_______________________________________stated all _________________________ made of cells.
_______________________________________stated only ____________________ are produced
from______________________________________________________________.
Name the three parts of the cell theory: _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Describe a PROKARYOTE: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Describe a EUKARYOTE: ______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
A cell membrane supports the cell and holds in all of the organelles; what does a cell wall do and do plants
or animals have them? ___________________________________________________________
List the organelles you learned below, list their function and if found in plants or animals:
Organelle
Function
Plant or Animal
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. Osmosis is the movement of ____________________ across a semi-permeable membrane.
25. Is energy needed for osmosis to occur? _________________.
26. Diffusion is the movement of ___________________ from a ________________concentration to a
______________________ concentration.
27. Is energy needed for diffusion to occur? __________________.
28. Facilitated diffusion uses a ____________________ to get material across a semi-permeable
membrane.
29. Is energy needed for Facilitated diffusion to occur? __________________.
30. Active transport is the process of moving material from an area of _____________ concentration to an
area of ___________________ concentration.