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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS copyright cmassengale 1 Starting with DNA • DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information in the nucleus. • It is a “code” that builds the molecules of life (proteins). • DNA stays in the nucleus, but molecules are built in the cytoplasm of the cell. • So, the code must be copied and moved out into the cytoplasm, where proteins are assembled. • This process is called PROTEIN 2 SYNTHESIS Genes & Proteins Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds 20 different amino acids Amino acids chains are called polypeptides Segment of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence in a protein are called genes 3 RNA copyright cmassengale 4 RNA (ribonucleic acid) • The nucleic acid that carries the genetic information on DNA from the nucleus out to the cytoplasm, where proteins will be made. copyright cmassengale 5 RNA is similar to DNA 1. They both are made up of nucleotides 2. They both have a sugar 3. They both have 4 nitrogen bases 4. They both have a phosphate 6 RNA Differs from DNA DNA RNA 1. DNA has a sugar deoxyribose 1. RNA has a sugar ribose 2. DNA contains the base thymine (T) 2. RNA has uracil (U) 3. DNA molecule is double-stranded 3. RNA is singlestranded 7 Roles of RNA and DNA • DNA is the MASTER PLAN • RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan copyright cmassengale 8 Structure of RNA copyright cmassengale 9 Types of RNA copyright cmassengale 10 3 KINDS OF RNA MESSENGER _________________RNA (mRNA) Copies the code from DNA and carries it out. RIBOSOMAL _________________RNA (rRNA) With proteins, it forms ribosomes TRANSFER _________________RNA (tRNA) Matches mRNA to “transfer” the correct amino acids to make a protein. rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif Remember… • The purpose of DNA is to store and transmit the genetic code so that…… • Proteins can be made. copyright cmassengale 12 Pathway to Making a Protein DNA mRNA tRNA (ribosomes) Protein copyright cmassengale 14 Protein Synthesis The process of making proteins from the code on DNA. Two phases: 1. Transcription 2. Translation copyright cmassengale 15 DNA RNA Protein Nuclear membrane DNA Transcription Eukaryotic Cell Pre-mRNA RNA Processing mRNA Ribosome Translation Protein copyright cmassengale 16 Transcription and Translation copyright cmassengale 17 Transcription copyright cmassengale 18 Transcription • The process of copying one strand of DNA onto mRNA • Follows the base pair rule. copyright cmassengale 19 Template Strand copyright cmassengale 20 21 What is the enzyme responsible for the production of the mRNA molecule? 22 RNA Polymerase Enzyme found in the nucleus Separates the two DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases Then moves along one of the DNA strands and links RNA nucleotides together 23 DNA RNA Polymerase pre-mRNA 24 Question: What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ 25 Answer: • DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ • RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’ 26 You Practice! • DNA RNA AATCGG UUAGCC • DNA RNA CATTAC GUAAUG • DNA GCGATT RNA CGCUAA copyright cmassengale 27 mRNA Processing • After the DNA is transcribed, the mRNA, is edited – The entire DNA strand is copied. – Introns (which don’t code for proteins) are cut out. – Exons (which do code for proteins) are spliced back together.copyright cmassengale 28 Result of Transcription Introns are orange; Exons are green mRNA Transcript •mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes copyright cmassengale 30 Messenger RNA (mRNA) • ON the mRNA is a codon: a group of 3 nucleotides that will code for one amino acid. • AUG – methionine or start codon • UAA, UAG, or UGA – stop codons • GGC - Glycine copyright cmassengale 31 The Genetic Code • A codon designates an amino acid • There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons copyright cmassengale 32 The Genetic Code •Use the code by reading from the center to the outside •Example: AUG codes for Methionine copyright cmassengale 33 Name the Amino Acids • • • • • GGG? UCA? CAU? GCA? AAA? copyright cmassengale 34 Review 1. What happens in transcription (step 1 of protein synthesis)? The code in DNA is copied onto an mRNA, in the nucleus. copyright cmassengale 35 Review #2 Once the mRNA is made, it leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome _____________. copyright cmassengale 36 Review • The mRNA is read by its “words”, which are called: codons _________, which are groups of 3 nucleotides. copyright cmassengale 37 USE THE DNA CODE PROVIDED TO MAKE A COMPLEMENTARY RNA COPY U C G G A C A U C C G U A G C C T G T A G G C A Review #1 USE THE DNA CODE PROVIDED TO MAKE A COMPLEMENTARY RNA COPY A A G U U C G U U A G C T T C A A G C A A T C G Review #2 Translation copyright cmassengale 40 Translation • Translation is the process of using the mRNA’s code to build a protein mRNA tRNA copyright cmassengale protein 41 Remember the types of RNA? Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3 bases are called a: Anticodon 3 bases are called a: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Codon 42 Codons and Anticodons • A codon is on mRNA. • An anticodon is on the tRNA and is a complement to the codon. • Example: Codon ACU Anticodon UGA copyright cmassengale UGA ACU 43 THE mRNA strands’ codons determine the complementary tRNA strands’ anticodons C U G G U A tRNA (anticodons) U A C U U C A U G A A G C A U G A C mRNA (Codons) Name the anticodons to these codons: • • • • • CCU UAG GUC AGU CUA GGA AUC CAG UCA GAU copyright cmassengale 45 Translation Steps 1. Anticodons on the tRNA match up with the codons on mRNA. 2. Each tRNA carries one amino acid. 3. The amino acids are joined to form proteins. (Happens in the ribosomes.) copyright cmassengale 46 ANTICODON ___________ on tRNA EACH tRNA carries only one kind of amino acid _____________ matches up with CODON ________ on mRNA Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Translation Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Translation Lysine mRNA tRNA Translation direction Ribosome Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Translation Protein Ribosome tRNA mRNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Product –The Protein! • A sequence of amino acids bonded together aa2 aa1 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa199 copyright cmassengale aa200 51 USE THE mRNA CODE PROVIDED TO ADD THE COMPLEMENTARY tRNA Anticodons C U G G U A A U G A A G C A U G A #7 U A C C U U C USE THE mRNA CODE PROVIDED TO ADD THE COMPLEMENTARY tRNA C U G G U A U U C U A C A U G A A G C A U G A #8 C USE THE mRNA CODE PROVIDED TO ADD THE COMPLEMENTARY tRNA C U G G U A U A C U U C A U G A A G C A U G A #9 C USE THE mRNA CODE PROVIDED TO ADD THE COMPLEMENTARY tRNA C U G U U C G U A A U G A A G C A U G A #10 C USE THE mRNA CODE PROVIDED TO ADD THE COMPLEMENTARY tRNA G U A C U G A U G A A G C A U G A #11 C USE THE CODON WHEEL TO TELL THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE PROTEIN THIS mRNA WILL MAKE #12 GLUTAMINE - ALANINE - ALANINE - PHENYLALANINE C A G G C A G C U U U U USE THE CODON WHEEL TO TELL THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE PROTEIN THIS mRNA WILL MAKE #13 VALINE - SERINE - HISTIDINE - STOP G U C A G C C A U U G A REPLICATION DNA → DNA ____________ TRANSCRIPTION DNA → RNA ____________ RNA→ Protein TRANSLATION ___________ Closure Fill in the blanks with the correct process. copyright cmassengale 60