* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Big slides
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Synthetic biology wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
DNA nanotechnology wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Berg • Tymoczko • Stryer Biochemistry Sixth Edition Chapter 1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science Tips on note taking... • Remember copies of my lectures are available on my webpage – If you forget to print them out before class, or if you don’t want to print them out due to the new copying policy, I suggest the following… I am more interested in your listening and involvement in our discussion….take notes on that • try this format: • slide 1: ………notes……. – Later, compare notes for slide 1 with slide 1 Perspective of this Course • This course is taught as pure science • emphasis on evolution – from molecular evolution to organismal evolution • This is a purely-scientific explanation of the development of life on earth and our understanding of the biochemical principles that sustain it. Outline • DNA illustrates the Relation between Form and Function • Biochemical Unity Underlies Biological Diversity • Chemical Bonds in Biochemistry • Biochemistry and Human Biology On Life and Chemistry... 1. Living things are composed of lifeless molecules 2. Chemistry is the logic basis of biological phenomena Hierarchy in Biology • The top of the list depends on lower levels! • Order: Ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs systems, organs, tissues, CELLS, (these are the living components) • organelles, MOLECULES, atoms, subatomic particles. (these are nonliving components) Properties of Life Who’s this guy? Form Follows Function… Molecules act Like Organisms • Subjected to Evolutionary pressures • A molecule’s Form determines its functions DNA is a good example… • James Watson and Francis Crick… • 1953…hypothesized about the structure (the form) of DNA. • With the molecule’s form established…its function could be supported. I wonder How this works? ~1953 ~2003 DNA is a 2-stranded Molecule The building blocks of DNA • The nucleotides • These are the nitrogen bases Nucleotides are joined together to form one strand… (a nucleic acid) DNA is made from a “polyester linkage” between nucleotides Rather, its called a NOT THAT KIND OF Phosphodiester linkage… POLYESTER… These bonds hold all Nucleic acids together.! Can you draw an ester? Can you draw a diester? Can you draw a phosphodiester? A phosphate containing polyester AKA the sugar phosphate backbone. One nucleotide is chemically bonded to the next. The two strands are held together to form the DNA double helix! • Again…form eludes to function… • The nitrogen bases’ shape suggested how they might work to hold the double helix together. DNA can replicate because of its form… Because of its shape…DNA is the long term storage molecule for Genetic Information • Another nucleic acid helps the process though… • RNA • RNA is chemically different from DNA – Different sugar used…a ribose sugar – Different base is used…uracil RNA has a Different shape than DNA • RNA is a SINGLE STRANDED molecule…not a double helix. • It can twist into many different shapes.. • With many different possible shapes… • You have many different….? RNA functions • • • Genetic info access (transcription) Ancient genetic info storage ? Catalytic functions – Ribozymes • New functions… – Aptamers. The type of molecule with the greatest repertoire of Functions… (that we’re currently aware of) • • The proteins A linear arrangement of their building blocks – Amino acids • • The arrangement of amino acids in the proteins determines the shape of the protein (a process called protein folding) And also its function. Protein folding Dysfunctional proteins.. • Come from anything that changes the shape of the protein • Genetic mutations • Environmental factors. – If you restore the shape, you restore the function. 1.2 Biochemical Unity underlies Biological Diversity • Many different types of Life on earth • All with different morphologies…. Though Biologically Diverse…All life has Biochemical Unity • All life is made out of the same stuff – Atoms and molecules • All life uses DNA as a genetic storage molecule • All life uses similar metabolic pathways to power living processes. – Glycolysis • A common ancestor for all life? Phylogenetic Tree of life (using molecular evolution data) Chemical Bonds in Biochemistry • The important “molecules of life” are organic compounds • They can be composed of many thousands of atoms chemically joined together. • Even though they are huge…the atoms that comprise them follow the same chemistry as their smaller molecular relatives Biomolecules: The Molecules of Life H, O, C and N make up 99+% of atoms in the human body ELEMENT Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen PERCENTAGE 63 25.2 9.5 1.4 Biomolecules: The Molecules of Life • What property unites H, O, C and N and renders these atoms so appropriate to the chemistry of life? • Answer: Their ability to form covalent bonds by electron-pair sharing.