* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Welcome to Mrs. Gomez-Buckley General Biology Class (Room 615)
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
RNA interference wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Protein (nutrient) wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Bottromycin wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic transcription wikipedia , lookup
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
RNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter 13 Why do we need RNA? DNA cannot leave the nucleus DNA gets transcribe into Messenger RNA (mRNA) Once edited, mRNA can leave the nucleus as a single strand Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA http://www.usask.ca/education/coursewor k/mcvittiej/bio30unit1/overheads/1.23.htm Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA Conection between DNA and Protein DNA defines the genotype (genetic makeup) Proteins determine the phenotype (specific trait) Each gene codes for one protein (polypeptide) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/rnai.ht ml DNA to Protein Connection Geneticists Beadle and Tatum studied mutant strain of orange mold This strain was missing a necessary enzyme for mold to grow Each mutant strain was defective in a single gene One gene-on enzyme hypothesis More accurate – One gene one polypeptide http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIrrtM47Wio 9:33 Life is orchestrated by Proteins Proteins Combinations of 20 different amino acids linked in long chains Function is determined by amino acid sequence Amino acid sequence is determined by DNA sequence Used for enzymes, hair, muscles, cell parts Amino Acids Linked Amino Acids Link Together to Form a Protein (Polypeptide) Protein Synthesis DNA → RNA → Protein (polypeptide) This happens in two main steps: Transcription RNA synthesis RNA editing Translation Transcription-translation animations http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/ani mations.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxLdBN AxqKg&src_vid=T1DVtDaKEo&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotat ion_561613 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1DVtDaKEo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfb Spg Information is sent from the Nucleus to ribosome where protein is made Outline of making Protein Directions on DNA DNA opens up and messenger RNA (mRNA) copies message mRNA is edited – some parts taken out (introns) mRNA goes out of nucleus to ribosome mRNA attaches to ribosome Transfer RNA (tRNA) picks up an amino acid tRNA attaches to mRNA matching complementary base pairs at opposite end from amino acid Amino acid is attached to other amino acids held by the ribosome to make a chain of protein When protein completely built unattached from ribosome 1. A sequence of nucleotides In DNA (a gene) is transcribed to RNA in the nucleus 2. The RNA travels to the cytoplasm where it is translated into the specific amino acid sequece of a polypeptid A codon is a threebase "word" that codes for one amino acid. Several codons form a "sentence" that translates into a polypeptide. Transcription players DNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) RNA polymerase Transcription mRNA editing Translation players mRNA Transfer RNA Ribosome Ribosomal RNA Translation Transcription-translation animations http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/ani mations.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxLdBN AxqKg&src_vid=T1DVtDaKEo&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotat ion_561613 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1DVtDaKEo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfb Spg Protein making analogy short movie http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/ 3210/02.html 00:54 – 03:20 What are Mutations Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA Two types of point mutations (involving only one or a few nucleotides) Base substitutions Base deletions or insertions Types of mutations Bill Nye Genetics greatest discoveries http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIrrtM4 7Wio http://school.discoveryeducation.com/tea chersguides/pdf/lifescience/ds/greatest_d iscoveries_nye_genetics.pdf From DNA to Protein