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Transcript
Cytology
I. Introduction
A. Definition
B. History
1. Microscopes
The advantage of a microscope magnification and
resolution; Magnification  to enlarge; Resolution  to
clearly distinguish two objects or clarity
a. In the 16th century, Galileo used simple pieces of glass to
visualize and describe the eye of an insect.
b. In the 17th century, van Leeuwenhoek ground glass to
visualize the structure of cells like bacteria and sperm.
c. Robert Hooke used ground glass to visualize cork
structure and coined the term “cellulae” or cell.
2. Cell Theory
a. In the 19th century Schleiden and Schwann said
i. Cells are the smallest functional units of life and
ii. All living things are made up of cells.
b. Later in the 19th century Virchow and Pasteur added
iii. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.
II. Cytological Tools
A. Microscopes
1. Light
a. Function
i. Bright Field
iii. Phase Contrast
b. Types
ii. Dark Field
iv. Confocal
2. Electron
i. Transmission
a. Function
b. Types
iii. Environmental TEM/SEM
ii. Scanning
B. Stains
1. Vital Stains are mainly from various plant pigments.
for Contrast
2. Antibody Stains are more specific and are made by exposing
antigen to some host animal.
More Contrast
III. Basic Cell Design
A. Strategies
1. Prokaryotes
a. Cell Size Limits  Surface to Volume Ratio
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
b. Characteristics
Figure 4.6
2. Eukaryotes
a. Representative Animal Cell
Figure 4.7
b. Representative Plant Cell
Figure 4.8
B. Parts
1. Cell Membrane
a. Molecular Structure
Which molecule would act as an impermeable barrier?
Which molecule would act as a cellular label or antenna?
Which molecule(s) would act as a transporter?
Which molecule(s) would act to stiffen the membrane?
Figure 4.4
b. Functions
i. Membrane Protein Functions
Figure 4.5
ii. Passive Transport
Requirements = With a Concentration Gradient, Small Molecules,
Requires No Energy Expenditure, and Relatively Non-polar
Mechanisms = Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
Page 92
Osmosis  movement of a solvent (usually H2O) across a
semi-permeable membrane
Figure 5.13
iii. Active Transport
Requirements = Uses Energy, Protein Channel, Large
Molecules, and Goes against the Concentration Gradient
Mechanisms = Molecular,
Figure 5.14
Mechanisms = Bulk,
Figure 5.15
If the arrowheads were reversed could you tell the difference?
Mechanisms= or Cell-Mediated
Figure 5.16
2. Cytosol = Cell Sap
a. Consistency
like thickening Jell-O
b. Molecular Make-up
92% is water, 7% protein, and the rest
is gases, salts, lipids, and the like
dissolved in the water
3. Organelles = Cell Machinery
a. Membrane Bound
i. Nucleus = the keeper of the plans
Chromatin, nucleolus, nuclear envelope,
& pores,
Figure 4.9
ii. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi
Figure 4.12
iii. House cleaners  Lysosome or Peroxisome
iv. Energy Transformers = the Chloroplast and the
Mitochondria
Figure 4.15
Figure 4.14
v. Vacuoles = Cell storage sites
Animal Types = Food (sugars, lipids, etc), or
Contractile (water storage)
Plant Types = Central (water storage), Amyloplasts
(store starch), and Chromoplasts (store Pigments)
b. Non-Membrane Bound
i. Cytoskeleton
Figure 4.16 & 17 & 18
ii. Ribosomes
Figure 4.19
iii. Centrioles
C. Cellular Specializations
1. Microvilli
short non-moving membrane extensions (orange area) to
increase cell’s overall surface area
2. Cilia = longer moving internal cellular extensions from a
basal to move something across the cell surface
3. Flagella = longest moving internal cellular extensions from a
basal body to move the entire cell
Figure 4.20
4. Intercellular Junctions
Figure 4.21
a. Plants
Always think function?
b. Animals
Figure 4.23
D. Extracellular Matrix & Interactions
Figure 4.22
Always think function?