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STUDY GUIDE EXAM III BIOL 1408 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Describe the cell membrane, composition, and put that in the context of the fluid mosaic model. Why do they call it a fluid-mosaic ? What can go through and what cannot ? Why are the proteins there ? Describe diffusion and osmosis. Concentration gradients are like potential energy ; so what happens when molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient ? What is absolutely required to have osmosis ? Will we have osmosis when all molecules can go through a membrane ? What molecules use diffusion in passage of materials across a membrane without the use of membrane proteins ? Explain how osmosis plays an important role in maintenance of a cell. What specifically moves across membranes during osmosis ? Explain how an imbalance in water between the cell and its environment affects the cell; what are the different tonicity levels and what tonicity level changes have effects on cells ? IN what direction will water move ? Describe membrane proteins that facilitate transport of materials across the cell membrane in the process of passive transport ? What processes in membrane transport are classified under passive transport ? Why are the passive transport ? When is a transport mechanisms active transport ? Discuss how energy-requiring transport proteins move substances across the cell membrane. Distinguish between exocytosis and endocytosis and list similarities between the two. What different forms of endocytosis are there ? Explain how energy is transformed during life processes Define the two laws of thermodynamics and explain how they relate to biological systems Explain how a chemical reaction can either release energy or store energy: endergonic versus exergonic reactions. Which of these two can be used to drive the other one ? Describe ATP and explain why it is considered to be the energy currency of a cell. How does the body use ATP in energy coupled reactions ? Define enzymes and explain how enzymes cause a chemical reaction to speed up. How does this relate to the activation energy ? Discuss the specificity of enzymes and enzyme activity profiles. What causes denaturation and how does it affect an enzyme ? Distinguish between competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors Where specifically is the energy in the food that a cell takes up ? What cellular process of what life form provides all the energy for our biosystem ? What is the difference between breathing and cellular respiration ? What organelle in the cell is responsible for cellular respiration ? 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Can you write out the simple equation for photosynthesis AND cellular respiration ? What are the products of photosynthesis ( in other words, what does photosynthesis create ? ), and which of those products are used in cellular respiration absolutely needs ? What molecule of energy is produced by mitochondria ? What term is used to provide a quantitative value to the energy content of food and energy activities ? What do you understand by oxidation and reduction ? What enzymes are usually involved in such reactions that transfer hydrogen ions and electrons ? A chain of electron acceptors and donors where electrons are passed from one to another in an exergonic fashion, is called what ? What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration and where in the cell do they take place ? What occurs during Glycolysis ? What molecule is produced ? How many carbons in glucose ? How many in the molecule that enters the mitochondria at the end of glycolysis ? What is substrate phophorylation ? What chemical reaction happens to pyruvate after it enters the mitochondria ? What happens to AcetylCoA when it enters the citric acid cycle ? Give me the full results ! Relating to previous question : where is all the CO2 produced during breakdown of glucose ? Where is all the energy now from breaking down glucose ? What happens at the electron transport chain of the mitochondria ? Who is the final electron acceptor ? What kind of gradient is created via the ETC ? Across what membranes is that gradient specifically ? What happens when Protons diffuse back into the mitochondria ? They have to diffuse through a protein : what protein is that ? And what energy molecule does it make when energy is released during the diffusion process ? This all relates to Chemi-osmosis. So what is Chemi-osmosis ? And what is Oxidative phosphorylation ? How is Oxidative phosphorylation different from Substrate phosphorylation ? How many ATPs are formed per breakdown of Glucose ? What are some mitochondrial poisons and where do they work ? When will fermentation happen ? What important molecule is missing to drive a cell into fermentation ? What is the difference in ATP production between oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation? What are the 2 forms of fermentation discussed ? How do fats and proteins give us energy ? And what our cells do with the breakdown of food that is not used for energy ?