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Download GOALS OF THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
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Scientific Basis of Genetics Janice S. Dorman, PhD University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing Lessons Cell cycle Chromosomes DNA and RNA Structure of a gene Transcription Translation Mutations Lesson One Cell Cycle Mitosis Somatic cells divide by mitosis Parental and 2 daughter cells are genetically identical Parental cells are diploid (46 chromosomes) 2 daughter cells are diploid (46 chromosomes) – Involves 1 cell cycle / division Meiosis Germ cell precursors (parental cells) divide by meiosis – Involves 2 cell cycles / divisions instead of 1 Germ cells precursors and 4 gametes (daughter cells – either egg or sperm) are NOT genetically identical Germ cell precursors are diploid (46 chromosomes) 4 gametes are haploid (23 chromosomes) The stages of meiosis in an animal cell Recombination occurs here The stages of meiosis in an animal cell The stages of meiosis in an animal cell Lesson Two Chromosomes Chromosome Structure Chromosomes have 2 arms that are separated by the centromere: – p arm – for petite – q arm – long arm Ends of chromosomes are called telomeres Chromosome Types Autosomes: the numbered chromosomes – All individuals have 2 copies of each type of autosome (homologous chromosomes – 1 maternal, 1 paternal) Sex chromosomes: the X and Y chromosomes – All individuals have 2 sex chromosomes • XX = female • XY = male Karyotype An organized picture of the chromosomes found in a cell – Captured during mitosis, just before cell divides Generally demonstrates the normal complement of chromosomes – 46,XX for females and 46,XY for males Can point out gross chromosomal abnormalities (such as extra or missing chromosomes) Lesson Three DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Components of DNA / RNA Phosphate group Sugar group – – Deoxyribose in DNA Ribose in RNA Bases – – Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine in DNA Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil in RNA RNA Structure RNA is generally single stranded Sugar-phosphate groups form the backbone of the molecule – Can fold and create complicated structure – Multiple types of RNA, each with a different function – Nucleotides are organized 5’ to 3’ Bases form the center of the molecule 5’ end 3’ end Double stranded RNA: Possible secondary structures of RNA molecules. The double-stranded regions are depicted by connecting hydrogen bonds. Loops are noncomplementary regions that are not hydrogen bonded with complementary bases. Double-stranded RNA structures can form within a single RNA molecule or between two separate RNA molecules DNA Structure DNA is a double helix Sugar-phosphate groups form the backbone Two DNA strands are anti-parallel Bases are held together by hydrogen bonds and are complementary – One strand, nucleotides are organized 5’ to 3’ – Other strand, nucleotides are organized 3’ to 5’ – A is complementary to T – C is complementary to G 3’ end 5’ end DNA Replication Uncoil DNA Strand Separation Templates are Single Stranded RNA Primers Needed For New Strands Both DNA Strands Extended From the RNA Primer (5’ to 3’) One Strand is the Leading Strand Other Strand is the Lagging Strand