Download ATP (energy)

Module 1 Review
Quarterly Assessment 1 Review
Bio Keystone Module A Units 2&3
BIO.A.1.2
• Describe relationships between structure and function at
biological levels of organization.
• Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
• Describe and interpret relationships between structure and
function at various levels of biological organization
(i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and
multicellular organisms).
Levels of Organization
• OrganellesCellsTissuesOrgans 
Organ SystemsOrganisms
• The Cell Theory:
–All organisms are made of
cells.
–All cells come from other
cells.
–The cell is the basic unit of
structure & function in living
things.
There are 2 cell types
Eukaryotes
• Have nucleus
(DNA/hereditary material)
• Have membrane-bound
organelles
• Larger size because of
organelles
• More complex
• Unicellular or multicellular
Prokaryotes
• No nucleus (still have
DNA/hereditary material)
• No membrane-bound
organelles
• Smaller size because of lack of
organelles
• Less complex
• Unicellular
All Cells Have
• Cytoplasm/Cytosol:
chemical reactions
• Ribosomes: make protein
• DNA: Hereditary info
• Plasma Membrane: allows
passage
Eukaryotes Have
Membrane Bound Organelles
• Nucleus: brain
• Nucleolus: RNA/proteins
• Mitochondria: Cellular
Respiration/ATP
• Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Transport
• Golgi Body: Sort & Package
• Vacuole: water storage
• Cytoskeleton: shape
• Cilia &/or Flagella: Movement
Plants
• Cell Wall: extra
protection/cellulose
• Chloroplast: photosynthesis
Animals
• Lysosomes: waste (digestive
enzymes)
• Centrioles: Cell division
BIO.A.4.1
• Identify and describe the cell structures involved in
transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell.
• Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane
allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or
protective barrier for a cell.
• Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across
the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion,
osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps,
endocytosis, exocytosis).
• Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g.,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the
transport of materials within a cell.
Cell Membranes/Plasma Membrane
are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
• The cell membrane has two major functions
1. Forms a boundary between inside and
outside of the cell
2. Controls passage of materials in & out of cell
(Maintaining homeostasis)
Phospholipid Bilayer
• Forms a double layer surrounding
a
cell
• Head is polar (attracted to water) and
forms hydrogen bonds with
water
• Tails are nonpolar
(repelled by water)
Transport Using Organelles
How does the rough ER work with the Golgi?
Nucleus – Ribosome (RER) – Transport Vesicle – Golgi Body –
Secretory Vesicle
• Vesicle: Small membrane-bound sacs that divide some materials
from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials
within the cell.
• Proteins (such as secretory & membrane proteins) made by
ribosomes on the rough ER are packaged in vesicles and sent to the
cell membrane or Golgi Apparatus.
• The Golgi Body processes & sorts the proteins, then packages them
into vesicles for storage, transport, or secretion from the cell
membrane.
Selective Permeability
• Allows some materials to cross the membrane
but not all
• Enables cell to maintain homeostasis
– Homeostasis: ability to maintain internal stable
conditions
• Molecules can cross in a variety of ways
• Other terms: semipermeable & selectively permeable
Passive transport does not require
energy (ATP) input from a cell.
• Molecules can move across the cell membrane
through passive transport.
• Movement is determined by concentration
gradient.
• Two types of passive transport (DOWN
concentration gradient):
– Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low
concentration
– Osmosis: diffusion of water from high to low
concentration
Cell Membrane Dialysis Tubing –
Diffusion Lab (moved without energy)
WHY? Starch stays in bag – too big. Iodine goes through bag - small
Osmosis: How do different solutions
affect cells?
• There are 3 types of
solutions:
1. Isotonic: solution has
the same
concentration of
solutes as the cell.
•
•
Water moves in and out
evenly
Cell size stays constant
Osmosis: How do different solutions
affect cells?
2. Hypertonic: solution
has more solutes than
a cell
•
•
More water exits the cell
than enters
Cell shrivels or dies
Osmosis: How do different solutions
affect cells?
3. Hypotonic: solution
has fewer solutes than
a cell
•
•
More water enters the
cell than exits
Cell expands or bursts
Some molecules can only diffuse through
transport proteins
• Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across
the membrane
– Ex: glucose (needed by cell to make energy)
• Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through
transport proteins
• DOES NOT USE ENERGY
Video 
Active Transport
• Drives molecules across a membrane from
lower to higher concentration
– Goes against the concentration gradient
– Uses energy (ATP)
TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Endocytosis: Brings materials into
cell (Endo=into)
• Exocytosis: Releases materials
out of cell (Exo=Exit)
Sodium-Potassium Pump
• Uses a membrane protein to pump three Na+
(sodium ions) across the membrane in
exchange for two K+ (potassium ions)
– ATP (energy) is needed to make the protein
change its shape so that Na+ and K+ can move
through it and cross the membrane
• Helps the heart contract, helps regulate blood
pressure, allows neurons to respond to stimuli
and send signals
Unit 3:BIO.A.3.1 & BIO.A.3.2
• Identify and describe the cell structures involved in processing
energy.
• Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and
mitochondria in energy transformations.
• Identify and describe how organisms obtain and transform energy
for their life processes.
• Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis
and cellular respiration.
• Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.
4.1 How do living things get ATP?
• ATP is the energy carrier in living things – it is usable
energy for the cell.
• ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate.
• Living things get ATP from breaking down carbon
based molecules. (carbohydrates & lipids)
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
This is how it works
phosphate removed
4.2 & 4.3 Photosynthesis
• The process of photosynthesis captures energy
from sunlight and converts it into sugar (glucose).
• This process happens in organisms called
autotrophs or producers. (Need to make their own
food)
• This process takes place in and organelle called the
chloroplast.
• The chloroplast has a green pigment in it called
chlorophyll that is responsible for capturing the
light energy.
So how does photosynthesis work?
The first stage of photosynthesis is called the
Light Dependent Stage.
• Light is captured by the chlorophyll in the
thylakoid.
The second stage of photosynthesis is called the
Light Independent Stage/ Calvin Cycle/ Dark
Cycle.
• This process takes place in the stroma.
The chemical formula for
photosynthesis
• 6CO2 + 6H2O + light
Carbon dioxide plus water plus light
C6H12O6 + 6O2
yields
Glucose and oxygen
(reactants)
(products)
Carbon dioxide + water + light = Glucose (carb) + oxygen
Purpose of Cellular Respiration
• To make ATP from the energy stored in glucose
– Glucose comes from an organism doing
photosynthesis themselves or from eating foods
containing glucose
–Remember: the purpose of photosynthesis
was just to get glucose
–Cellular respiration is aerobic – it requires
oxygen
Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP
 Like the reverse of photosynthesis
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY
Energy transfers:
Photo: LightCPE
CR: CPECPE
What happens when there’s no/not
enough oxygen or there are no
mitochondria?
• Answer: Fermentation
–Two Kinds:
• Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Alcoholic Fermentation
• Allows glycolysis to
continue making ATP
without oxygen